Vortex-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Steroid …
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that capacity building to encourage awareness and learning should be involved not
only governments but also non-government organisations and large companies, and
the role of education in technology and chemical analysis needs to be strengthened in
achieving SDG through every method and technology developed. The method developed in analytical chemistry must be guided in achieving SDG goals. The awareness
campaign on the impact of analytical chemistry on climate change should be disseminated to students, scientists and related researchers. Furthermore, skills need to
be practiced and to enhance knowledge to combat climate change through teaching
modules and implement participatory teaching approaches especially in developing
a new analysis methodology.
3 Green Chemistry
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or
eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies
across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and
ultimate disposal. Green chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry (USEPA
2017). So, in developing a method, a sustainable development or green analytical
chemistry should be considered to ensure sustainability for tomorrow. Usually, the
goal of green analytical chemistry is to use analytical procedures that generate less
hazardous waste and that are safer to use and more benign to the environment (Keith
et al. 2007). It is well known that in analytical chemistry most methods employ
solvents that can harm the environment in terms of its toxicity and the volume used.
So, new sustainable analytical methods are proposed that incorporate procedures that
either use less hazardous chemicals or use lesser amounts of hazardous chemicals.
An important part of the green chemistry philosophy is the need to develop and
adopt green analytical techniques and procedures. Analytical chemistry takes a special place in the green chemistry concept. It is aimed to detect and quantitatively
determine various substances by means of methods which often use harmful reagents.
As a result, the analysis itself may become a source of pollution. Analytical chemistry
is considered to be a small-scale activity, but this is not always true in the case of controlling and monitoring laboratories such as anti-doping laboratories where a large
number of analyses are performed. The use of instrumental methods instead of wet
chemistry; the miniaturization and automation are the new trends of analytical chemistry, making this branch of chemistry more sustainable (Koel and Mihkel 2006). The
determination of a broad spectrum of analytes at low concentrations (ppb, even ppt)
in samples of complex matrix composition has been facilitated by the introduction
of a new generation of highly sensitive analytical devices and by the development of
new sample preparation procedures. The principles of green chemistry by Anastas
and Warner (1998) are shown in Fig. 1.
Most efforts in making chemical processes greener emphasize the need for using
safer, less toxic, and more benign solvents, or the elimination of solvents completely,
and reducing the use of reagents and auxiliaries. Other strategies include lower energy
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that capacity building to encourage awareness and learning should be involved not
only governments but also non-government organisations and large companies, and
the role of education in technology and chemical analysis needs to be strengthened in
achieving SDG through every method and technology developed. The method developed in analytical chemistry must be guided in achieving SDG goals. The awareness
campaign on the impact of analytical chemistry on climate change should be disseminated to students, scientists and related researchers. Furthermore, skills need to
be practiced and to enhance knowledge to combat climate change through teaching
modules and implement participatory teaching approaches especially in developing
a new analysis methodology.
3 Green Chemistry
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or
eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies
across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and
ultimate disposal. Green chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry (USEPA
2017). So, in developing a method, a sustainable development or green analytical
chemistry should be considered to ensure sustainability for tomorrow. Usually, the
goal of green analytical chemistry is to use analytical procedures that generate less
hazardous waste and that are safer to use and more benign to the environment (Keith
et al. 2007). It is well known that in analytical chemistry most methods employ
solvents that can harm the environment in terms of its toxicity and the volume used.
So, new sustainable analytical methods are proposed that incorporate procedures that
either use less hazardous chemicals or use lesser amounts of hazardous chemicals.
An important part of the green chemistry philosophy is the need to develop and
adopt green analytical techniques and procedures. Analytical chemistry takes a special place in the green chemistry concept. It is aimed to detect and quantitatively
determine various substances by means of methods which often use harmful reagents.
As a result, the analysis itself may become a source of pollution. Analytical chemistry
is considered to be a small-scale activity, but this is not always true in the case of controlling and monitoring laboratories such as anti-doping laboratories where a large
number of analyses are performed. The use of instrumental methods instead of wet
chemistry; the miniaturization and automation are the new trends of analytical chemistry, making this branch of chemistry more sustainable (Koel and Mihkel 2006). The
determination of a broad spectrum of analytes at low concentrations (ppb, even ppt)
in samples of complex matrix composition has been facilitated by the introduction
of a new generation of highly sensitive analytical devices and by the development of
new sample preparation procedures. The principles of green chemistry by Anastas
and Warner (1998) are shown in Fig. 1.
Most efforts in making chemical processes greener emphasize the need for using
safer, less toxic, and more benign solvents, or the elimination of solvents completely,
and reducing the use of reagents and auxiliaries. Other strategies include lower energy