Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a Research Approach …
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Table 1 A summary of the application of sampling tools and techniques to the participants of the
research
Tools and techniques Research participants
Local
community
(homestay
operators)
Tour
industry
sectors
NGOs/civil
society
organisations
Government
agencies
Funders/
donors
Semi-structured
questionnaire
X
X
Keeping a journal of
thoughts,
observations and
reflections,
collection of
opinions from
co-researchers
X
X
X
X
X
Preliminary
meetings(formal and
informal) with local
community, NGOs,
and relevant
stakeholders
X
X
X
X
Interview (with Key
Coresearchers/Critical
Friends), diagnosis
and reflection with
co-researchers
X
X
X
Participant
observation in workshop/Community
events/Forums/
Engagement
activities
X
Focus group
discussions
X
April/May
2013
June 2013
Aug 2013
April 2014
June 2014
April 2015
X
April/May
2013
June 2013
Aug 2013
Oct 2013
April 2014
June 2014
April 2015
X
April 2014
X
Aug 2013
April 2014
included research participants’ feedback, insights and participation in the NGO interventions. Figure 3 details the quantitative and qualitative methods and tools utilized
in the PAR approach used in this study. Table 1 details a summary of the quantitative
and qualitative research tools used with respect to the various research participants.