Closing Access Loop: Situating Post-infrastructural Assurance …
81
comparisons (Hirai and Ikemoto 2017) as a line of reasoning which eventually helps
in determining the reach of a certain policy and provides for what are all the components to be considered in its conception as well as post implementation. In addition
to this, interventions in other countries are indicative of the fact that unfair outcomes emerging as a consequence of differences in factors like cultural, service
levels, and behavioral might be addressed and that open defecation free status can
be maintained. There is a need to acknowledge the fact that the sanitation service
requirements continue to occur concurrently in an overlapping manner and entails
the unification of two elements: favorable circumstances to facilitate the provision
and access to water and sanitation arrangements and conversion of resources into
what these were originally intended to do. Therefore, sanitation as a phenomenon is
required to be understood as an occurrence aligned across several levels and requires
a philosophical inquiry into technical, cultural, and material aspects of the same.
References
Anand, S. (2002). The concern for equity in health. In: S. Anand, F. Peter, & A. Sen (Eds.), Public
health, ethics, and equity (pp. 28–31).
Alok, K. (2010). Squatting with dignity: Lessons from India. India: SAGE Publications.
Arnold, B. F., Khush, R. S., Ramaswamy, P., London, A. G., Rajkumar, P., Ramaprabha, P., … Colford, J. M. (2017). Causal inference methods to study nonrandomized, preexisting development
interventions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201008944. https://doi.org/10.
1073/pnas.
Balasubramanya, S., Evans, B., Ahmed, R., Habib, A., Asad, N. S. M., Rahman, M., …, Fernando,
S. (2017). Take it away: The need for designing fecal sludge disposal services for single-pit
latrines. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 7(1), 121–128. https://doi.
org/10.2166/washdev.2017.073.
Balasubramanya, S., Evans, B., Ahmed, R., Habib, A., Asad, N. S. M., Vuong, L., …, CamargoValero, M. (2016). Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh. Journal of
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 6(3), 456–464. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.
2016.049.
Bourne, P. G. (1984). Water and sanitation for all. In P. G. Bourne (Ed.), Water and sanitation:
Economic and sociological perspectives (pp. 16–18). USA: Academic Press Inc.
Cairncross, S. (2003). Sanitation in the developing world: Current status and future solutions.
International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 13(Suppl. 1), 37–41. https://doi.org/
10.1080/0960312031000102886.
Coffey, D., & Spears, D. (2017). Where India goes: Abandoned toilets, stunted development and
the costs of caste. Harper Collins Publishers.
Coffey, D., et al. (2017). Understanding open defecation in rural India untouchability, pollution,
and latrine pits. Economic & Political Weekly, lII(1), 59–62.
Daniels, N., et al. (2005). Health and inequality, or, why justice is good for our health. In: S. Anand,
F. Peter, & A. Sen (Eds.), Public health, ethics, and equity (pp. 28–31).
Joshi, Y. (2018). The real status of rural sanitation. Economic & Political Weekly, LIII(28), 100–101.
Ekane, N., Nykvist, B., Kjellén, M., Noel, S., & Weitz, N. (2014). Multi-level sanitation governance: Understanding and overcoming challenges in the sanitation sector in sub-Saharan Africa.
Stockholm Environment Institute, 4(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.024.
Engel, S., & Susilo, A. (2014). Shaming and sanitation in Indonesia: A return to colonial public
health practices? Development and Change, 45(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12075.
81
comparisons (Hirai and Ikemoto 2017) as a line of reasoning which eventually helps
in determining the reach of a certain policy and provides for what are all the components to be considered in its conception as well as post implementation. In addition
to this, interventions in other countries are indicative of the fact that unfair outcomes emerging as a consequence of differences in factors like cultural, service
levels, and behavioral might be addressed and that open defecation free status can
be maintained. There is a need to acknowledge the fact that the sanitation service
requirements continue to occur concurrently in an overlapping manner and entails
the unification of two elements: favorable circumstances to facilitate the provision
and access to water and sanitation arrangements and conversion of resources into
what these were originally intended to do. Therefore, sanitation as a phenomenon is
required to be understood as an occurrence aligned across several levels and requires
a philosophical inquiry into technical, cultural, and material aspects of the same.
References
Anand, S. (2002). The concern for equity in health. In: S. Anand, F. Peter, & A. Sen (Eds.), Public
health, ethics, and equity (pp. 28–31).
Alok, K. (2010). Squatting with dignity: Lessons from India. India: SAGE Publications.
Arnold, B. F., Khush, R. S., Ramaswamy, P., London, A. G., Rajkumar, P., Ramaprabha, P., … Colford, J. M. (2017). Causal inference methods to study nonrandomized, preexisting development
interventions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201008944. https://doi.org/10.
1073/pnas.
Balasubramanya, S., Evans, B., Ahmed, R., Habib, A., Asad, N. S. M., Rahman, M., …, Fernando,
S. (2017). Take it away: The need for designing fecal sludge disposal services for single-pit
latrines. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 7(1), 121–128. https://doi.
org/10.2166/washdev.2017.073.
Balasubramanya, S., Evans, B., Ahmed, R., Habib, A., Asad, N. S. M., Vuong, L., …, CamargoValero, M. (2016). Pump it up: making single-pit emptying safer in rural Bangladesh. Journal of
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 6(3), 456–464. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.
2016.049.
Bourne, P. G. (1984). Water and sanitation for all. In P. G. Bourne (Ed.), Water and sanitation:
Economic and sociological perspectives (pp. 16–18). USA: Academic Press Inc.
Cairncross, S. (2003). Sanitation in the developing world: Current status and future solutions.
International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 13(Suppl. 1), 37–41. https://doi.org/
10.1080/0960312031000102886.
Coffey, D., & Spears, D. (2017). Where India goes: Abandoned toilets, stunted development and
the costs of caste. Harper Collins Publishers.
Coffey, D., et al. (2017). Understanding open defecation in rural India untouchability, pollution,
and latrine pits. Economic & Political Weekly, lII(1), 59–62.
Daniels, N., et al. (2005). Health and inequality, or, why justice is good for our health. In: S. Anand,
F. Peter, & A. Sen (Eds.), Public health, ethics, and equity (pp. 28–31).
Joshi, Y. (2018). The real status of rural sanitation. Economic & Political Weekly, LIII(28), 100–101.
Ekane, N., Nykvist, B., Kjellén, M., Noel, S., & Weitz, N. (2014). Multi-level sanitation governance: Understanding and overcoming challenges in the sanitation sector in sub-Saharan Africa.
Stockholm Environment Institute, 4(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2014.024.
Engel, S., & Susilo, A. (2014). Shaming and sanitation in Indonesia: A return to colonial public
health practices? Development and Change, 45(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12075.