On Ground Study of the ODF Status of Ghaziabad District, U.P.
139
For that, the villages were first randomly numbered using the random number formula
in excel (randbetween). The villages were then selected using the Government of
India verified three digit random number table. Due to the unavailability of data on
the number and location of slums in the city, five slums were selected purposively
so that adequate data is available on the availability of toilets and the condition of
open defecation in these areas.
The numbers of households to be surveyed were selected by taking 5% of the
total number of households in the particular village. The data on the number of
households was collected from the Swachh Bharat Gramin Web site. The selection
of the household from that 5% was purposive and was selected by observation. The
houses, where the probability of people not using the toilets seemed to be high,
were chosen for sampling. The data from the households was collected using a
questionnaire that has questions based on the questionnaire published vide Letter
No. S-1101113/2015-SBM of the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
3 Findings of the Survey
The survey showed some shocking results. In terms of toilet availability in villages,
which is supposed to be 100% according to the SBM reports, the survey revealed
that it ranges from a shocking 33.33% to 100% with an average of 92%. Even
though government records show that all households have a toilet, many village
officials themselves said that some of them were yet to be constructed. The reasons
for the same were lack of funds for construction of toilets due to emergence of new
households caused by the separation of joint families. For a village to be truly ODF,
it is important that the toilets in the remaining households are also constructed with
help of the Government (if needed) at the earliest (Graphs 3 and 4).
Toilet usage, in the villages was seen to be lower than the toilet availability. People
in some of the villages were not using the toilets, even after having access to them.
This was due to multiple reasons, among which, habit remains the most crucial.
Single toilet in large families also leads to some of the family members defecating
125
100
75
50
25
0
lowest
highest
average
100
92
33
toilet availability (in %)
Graph 3 Toilet availability (in percentage)
139
For that, the villages were first randomly numbered using the random number formula
in excel (randbetween). The villages were then selected using the Government of
India verified three digit random number table. Due to the unavailability of data on
the number and location of slums in the city, five slums were selected purposively
so that adequate data is available on the availability of toilets and the condition of
open defecation in these areas.
The numbers of households to be surveyed were selected by taking 5% of the
total number of households in the particular village. The data on the number of
households was collected from the Swachh Bharat Gramin Web site. The selection
of the household from that 5% was purposive and was selected by observation. The
houses, where the probability of people not using the toilets seemed to be high,
were chosen for sampling. The data from the households was collected using a
questionnaire that has questions based on the questionnaire published vide Letter
No. S-1101113/2015-SBM of the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
3 Findings of the Survey
The survey showed some shocking results. In terms of toilet availability in villages,
which is supposed to be 100% according to the SBM reports, the survey revealed
that it ranges from a shocking 33.33% to 100% with an average of 92%. Even
though government records show that all households have a toilet, many village
officials themselves said that some of them were yet to be constructed. The reasons
for the same were lack of funds for construction of toilets due to emergence of new
households caused by the separation of joint families. For a village to be truly ODF,
it is important that the toilets in the remaining households are also constructed with
help of the Government (if needed) at the earliest (Graphs 3 and 4).
Toilet usage, in the villages was seen to be lower than the toilet availability. People
in some of the villages were not using the toilets, even after having access to them.
This was due to multiple reasons, among which, habit remains the most crucial.
Single toilet in large families also leads to some of the family members defecating
125
100
75
50
25
0
lowest
highest
average
100
92
33
toilet availability (in %)
Graph 3 Toilet availability (in percentage)