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species due to geographical differences of fishing grounds. On the other hand, it can
vary with body part or organ (Lawal-Are et al. 2018). Many researchers have
revealed these differences between the organs (Ballantyne et al. 1981; Salman et al.
2007; Vairamani 2010; Ramasamy et al. 2010; Nurjanah et al. 2012). The highest
protein content of octopus (Octopus aegina) was reported in gonad followed by
muscle, gill, and liver (Kavitha and Ponni 2018). Feeding and feed type is also
effective on biochemical composition of cephalopods. Effects of diet on biochemical composition of octopus have been reported by Biandolino et al. (2010). In their
study, octopuses were fed with three experimental diets (Diet group I: 80% crab,
15% bogue fish and 5% mussels; diet group II: fish; diet group III: mussels). The
wild octopuses and the bogue-fed group had significantly higher lipid content than
the mixed and mussel dietary groups. The proportion of the fatty acids changed
significantly between the feeding treatments. In another study, octopuses were fed
using five different experimental diets (white crab, blue crab, bogue fish, white crab
+ discarded bogue, blue crab + discarded bogue) and it has been reported that the
highest n-3 HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acid) content was observed in the
bogue-fed group and in the mixed diet group (Estefanell et al. 2011). Various
researchers have reported that wild cephalopods contain in high levels of DHA and
DHA/EPA ratio and DHA levels are correlated with the dietary input in cultured
cephalopods (Sinanoglou and Miniadis-Meimaroglou 1998; Navarro and Villanueva
2000, 2003). It has also been determined that temperature and body weight affect
the fatty acid composition of octopus (Miliou et al. 2006).
Many researchers have reported high protein and low-fat content in cephalopods.
This feature makes cephalopods very suitable for human consumption and especially for the elderly population (Bano et al. 1992; Thanonkaew et al. 2006;
Remyakumari et al. 2018). It is reported that when compared to fish, cephalopods
have 20% more protein, 80% less ash, 50–100% less lipid and 50–100% less carbohydrate. Moreover, it was reported that cephalopod mantle does not store lipid, or
its storage is below 1 g of its wet weight (Lee 1994).
Cephalopods contain small amounts of fat, which is rich in n-3 fatty acids. They
can be used as a good source of the n-3. In a study, most abundant fatty acid in squid
and cuttlefish was found as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) followed by palmitic acid
and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). On the other hand, in octopus, palmitic acid was
found slightly higher than DHA and the third most abundant fatty acid was again
EPA (Zlatanos et al. 2006). Greater PUFA quantities than those SFA and MUFA
were reported in different cephalopod species (Amphioctopus neglectus, Cistopus
indicus, Uroteuthis duvauceli, Sepia pharaonis and Sepiella inermis). Moreover,
the mean total of n-3 PUFA content was reported to be greater as compared with
n-6. DHA (22:6n-3) was found to be the predominant n-3 PUFA in these species,
which represented greater than half of the total PUFA content followed by EPA
(Chakraborty et al. 2016b).
Cholesterol is an important lipid component in cell membranes, and the body
uses it to create a range of hormones and vitamin D. In many marine species, cholesterol is the main sterol, making up more than 90% of all sterols. It can be found
in some shellfish creatures that may be as low as 25%. Cephalopods usually contain
3.2 Cephalopods
species due to geographical differences of fishing grounds. On the other hand, it can
vary with body part or organ (Lawal-Are et al. 2018). Many researchers have
revealed these differences between the organs (Ballantyne et al. 1981; Salman et al.
2007; Vairamani 2010; Ramasamy et al. 2010; Nurjanah et al. 2012). The highest
protein content of octopus (Octopus aegina) was reported in gonad followed by
muscle, gill, and liver (Kavitha and Ponni 2018). Feeding and feed type is also
effective on biochemical composition of cephalopods. Effects of diet on biochemical composition of octopus have been reported by Biandolino et al. (2010). In their
study, octopuses were fed with three experimental diets (Diet group I: 80% crab,
15% bogue fish and 5% mussels; diet group II: fish; diet group III: mussels). The
wild octopuses and the bogue-fed group had significantly higher lipid content than
the mixed and mussel dietary groups. The proportion of the fatty acids changed
significantly between the feeding treatments. In another study, octopuses were fed
using five different experimental diets (white crab, blue crab, bogue fish, white crab
+ discarded bogue, blue crab + discarded bogue) and it has been reported that the
highest n-3 HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acid) content was observed in the
bogue-fed group and in the mixed diet group (Estefanell et al. 2011). Various
researchers have reported that wild cephalopods contain in high levels of DHA and
DHA/EPA ratio and DHA levels are correlated with the dietary input in cultured
cephalopods (Sinanoglou and Miniadis-Meimaroglou 1998; Navarro and Villanueva
2000, 2003). It has also been determined that temperature and body weight affect
the fatty acid composition of octopus (Miliou et al. 2006).
Many researchers have reported high protein and low-fat content in cephalopods.
This feature makes cephalopods very suitable for human consumption and especially for the elderly population (Bano et al. 1992; Thanonkaew et al. 2006;
Remyakumari et al. 2018). It is reported that when compared to fish, cephalopods
have 20% more protein, 80% less ash, 50–100% less lipid and 50–100% less carbohydrate. Moreover, it was reported that cephalopod mantle does not store lipid, or
its storage is below 1 g of its wet weight (Lee 1994).
Cephalopods contain small amounts of fat, which is rich in n-3 fatty acids. They
can be used as a good source of the n-3. In a study, most abundant fatty acid in squid
and cuttlefish was found as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) followed by palmitic acid
and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). On the other hand, in octopus, palmitic acid was
found slightly higher than DHA and the third most abundant fatty acid was again
EPA (Zlatanos et al. 2006). Greater PUFA quantities than those SFA and MUFA
were reported in different cephalopod species (Amphioctopus neglectus, Cistopus
indicus, Uroteuthis duvauceli, Sepia pharaonis and Sepiella inermis). Moreover,
the mean total of n-3 PUFA content was reported to be greater as compared with
n-6. DHA (22:6n-3) was found to be the predominant n-3 PUFA in these species,
which represented greater than half of the total PUFA content followed by EPA
(Chakraborty et al. 2016b).
Cholesterol is an important lipid component in cell membranes, and the body
uses it to create a range of hormones and vitamin D. In many marine species, cholesterol is the main sterol, making up more than 90% of all sterols. It can be found
in some shellfish creatures that may be as low as 25%. Cephalopods usually contain
3.2 Cephalopods