247
13
9. How do the properties of natural rubber
change during vulcanization?
10. What are the disadvantageous properties
of vulcanized natural rubber, and how
can they be controlled?
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Abts G (2019) Einführung in die Kautschuktechnologie,
2nd ed. Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Kim JK, Saha P, Thomas S, Haponiuk JT, Aswathi MK (eds)
(2019) Rubber recycling - challenges and developments. RSC, London
Ikeda Y, Kato A, Kohjiya S, Nakajima Y (2017) Rubber science - a modern approach. Springer Nature. In Din eV
(ed) Kautschuk und Elastomere – Physikalische und
chemische Prüfverfahren, 2nd ed. Beuth-Verlag
Rodgers B (2015) Rubber compounding - chemistry and
applications. CRC Press
Koltzenburg V, Maskos M, Nuyken O (2014) Polymere:
Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen (Kap. 18:
Elastomere). Springer Spektrum, Berlin
Türk O (2014) Stoffliche Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe (Kap. 6.1: Polyisoprene). Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden
Braun D (2013) Kleine Geschichte der Kunststoffe (Kap.
4.4: Polyisoprene). Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Röthemeyer F, Sommer F (2013) Kautschuk Technologie
– Werkstoffe Verarbeitung Produkte, 3rd ed. Carl
Hanser Verlag, München
Gent AN (ed) (2013) Engineering with Rubber – How to
Design Rubber Components. Carl Hanser Verlag,
München
Erman B, Mark JE, Roland CM (eds) (2013) The science and
technology of rubber, 4th ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Baker CSL, Fulton WS (2012) Rubber, natural. In:
Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology.
Wiley. Greve H-H (2012) Rubber, 2. Natural. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. WileyVCH, Weinheim
Vaysse L, Bonfils F, Thaler P, Sainte-Beuve J (2009) Natural Rubber. In: Höfer R (ed) Sustainable solutions
for modern economies (Chap. 9.5). Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge
Dick JS (ed) (2009) Rubber technology - compounding
and testing for performance. Carl Hanser Verlag,
München, 2nd ed.
Elias H-G (2009) Makromoleküle, Band 3: Industrielle
Polymere und Synthesen (Kap. 7.3.1 Naturkautschuk).
Wiley, New York
White JL, Kim K-J (2008) Thermoplastic and rubber compounds - technology and physical chemistry. Carl
Hanser Verlag, München
Arndt-Rosenau M (2005) Winnacker-Küchler Chemische
Technik: Prozesse und Produkte, 5. Aufl. (Kap. 4: Elastomere). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
accelerators and stabilizers against heat,
ageing, ozone and UV light are added.
5 The mixing of natural rubber with its
additives must take place in special
closed kneaders, e.g. in discontinuously
operated ram kneaders.
5 About 70% of the natural rubber is used
for tire production. Other important
applications include conveyor belts,
straps, bearings, hoses and seals.
Consumer goods such as adhesive tapes,
rubber gloves or balloons are also often
made from natural rubber.
5 Natural rubber plays an important role in
tire production. Compounds with natural
rubber are used both in the carcass, the
side edges and in the tread. The tires
are produced in vulcanization presses
at temperatures of 165–200 °C and
pressures of up to 22 bar.
? Ten Quickies
1. How can you distinguish between natural
rubber and gutta-percha analytically?
2. Name a few alternative plants to Hevea
brasiliensis from which natural rubber
can also be obtained, albeit not yet
economically!
3. Discuss the yield per hectare of natural
rubber from a Hevea brasiliensis
plantation! What are the problems with
collecting the latex?
4. How does the centrifugation of the latex
work? What are the advantages of this
process?
5. Why are creaming and evaporation more
unfavorable for concentrating the latex?
6. Compare the color of a ripped smoked
sheet in average quality (RSS3) with an
average pale crepe!
7. Compare the mechanical with the
thermal-oxidative mastication. How are
both degradation processes performed?
Which products are formed?
8. Describe the reaction conditions of a
typical tire vulcanization! What happens
to natural rubber during vulcanization
chemically?
13.3 · Properties, Processing and Use of Natural Rubber
13
9. How do the properties of natural rubber
change during vulcanization?
10. What are the disadvantageous properties
of vulcanized natural rubber, and how
can they be controlled?
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Abts G (2019) Einführung in die Kautschuktechnologie,
2nd ed. Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Kim JK, Saha P, Thomas S, Haponiuk JT, Aswathi MK (eds)
(2019) Rubber recycling - challenges and developments. RSC, London
Ikeda Y, Kato A, Kohjiya S, Nakajima Y (2017) Rubber science - a modern approach. Springer Nature. In Din eV
(ed) Kautschuk und Elastomere – Physikalische und
chemische Prüfverfahren, 2nd ed. Beuth-Verlag
Rodgers B (2015) Rubber compounding - chemistry and
applications. CRC Press
Koltzenburg V, Maskos M, Nuyken O (2014) Polymere:
Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen (Kap. 18:
Elastomere). Springer Spektrum, Berlin
Türk O (2014) Stoffliche Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe (Kap. 6.1: Polyisoprene). Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden
Braun D (2013) Kleine Geschichte der Kunststoffe (Kap.
4.4: Polyisoprene). Carl Hanser Verlag, München
Röthemeyer F, Sommer F (2013) Kautschuk Technologie
– Werkstoffe Verarbeitung Produkte, 3rd ed. Carl
Hanser Verlag, München
Gent AN (ed) (2013) Engineering with Rubber – How to
Design Rubber Components. Carl Hanser Verlag,
München
Erman B, Mark JE, Roland CM (eds) (2013) The science and
technology of rubber, 4th ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Baker CSL, Fulton WS (2012) Rubber, natural. In:
Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology.
Wiley. Greve H-H (2012) Rubber, 2. Natural. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. WileyVCH, Weinheim
Vaysse L, Bonfils F, Thaler P, Sainte-Beuve J (2009) Natural Rubber. In: Höfer R (ed) Sustainable solutions
for modern economies (Chap. 9.5). Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge
Dick JS (ed) (2009) Rubber technology - compounding
and testing for performance. Carl Hanser Verlag,
München, 2nd ed.
Elias H-G (2009) Makromoleküle, Band 3: Industrielle
Polymere und Synthesen (Kap. 7.3.1 Naturkautschuk).
Wiley, New York
White JL, Kim K-J (2008) Thermoplastic and rubber compounds - technology and physical chemistry. Carl
Hanser Verlag, München
Arndt-Rosenau M (2005) Winnacker-Küchler Chemische
Technik: Prozesse und Produkte, 5. Aufl. (Kap. 4: Elastomere). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
accelerators and stabilizers against heat,
ageing, ozone and UV light are added.
5 The mixing of natural rubber with its
additives must take place in special
closed kneaders, e.g. in discontinuously
operated ram kneaders.
5 About 70% of the natural rubber is used
for tire production. Other important
applications include conveyor belts,
straps, bearings, hoses and seals.
Consumer goods such as adhesive tapes,
rubber gloves or balloons are also often
made from natural rubber.
5 Natural rubber plays an important role in
tire production. Compounds with natural
rubber are used both in the carcass, the
side edges and in the tread. The tires
are produced in vulcanization presses
at temperatures of 165–200 °C and
pressures of up to 22 bar.
? Ten Quickies
1. How can you distinguish between natural
rubber and gutta-percha analytically?
2. Name a few alternative plants to Hevea
brasiliensis from which natural rubber
can also be obtained, albeit not yet
economically!
3. Discuss the yield per hectare of natural
rubber from a Hevea brasiliensis
plantation! What are the problems with
collecting the latex?
4. How does the centrifugation of the latex
work? What are the advantages of this
process?
5. Why are creaming and evaporation more
unfavorable for concentrating the latex?
6. Compare the color of a ripped smoked
sheet in average quality (RSS3) with an
average pale crepe!
7. Compare the mechanical with the
thermal-oxidative mastication. How are
both degradation processes performed?
Which products are formed?
8. Describe the reaction conditions of a
typical tire vulcanization! What happens
to natural rubber during vulcanization
chemically?
13.3 · Properties, Processing and Use of Natural Rubber