189
9
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Rinaudo M, Goycoolea FM (eds) (2019) Advances in chitin/
chitosan characterization and applications. MDPI AG
Phillips J (ed) (2017) Chitin: properties, applications &
research. Nova Science Publishers
Dutta PK (2016) Chitin and chitosan for regenerative
medicine. Springer
Younes I, Rinaudo M (2015) Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and
applications. Mar Drugs 13:1133–1174
Sashiwa H, Harding D (eds) (2015) Advances in marine
chitin and chitosan. MDPI AG
Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A (2015) A review on chitin
and chitosan polymers: structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications. ChemBioEng Rev
2:204–226
Kim S-K (2014) Chitin and chitosan, derivatives - advances
in drug discovery and developments. CRC Press, Boca
Raton
Hirano S (2012) Chitin and chitosan. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Voragen A, Rolin C, Marr B, Challen I, Riad A, Lebbar R,
Knutsen S (2012) Polysaccharides. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Gupta NS (ed) (2011) Chitin - formation and diagenesis.
Springer, Dordrecht
Kim S-K (2011) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their
derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC
Press, Boca Raton
Cohen Z, Ratledge C (eds) (2010) Single cell oils, microbial
and algal oils, 2nd edn. AOCS Press
Rinaudo M (2006) Chitin and chitosan: properties and
applications. Prog Polym Sci 31:603–632
Vårum KM, Smidsrod O (2005) Structure-property relationship in chitosans. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides - structural diversity and functional versitality.
Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 625–639
Kumar MNVR, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H,
Domb AJ (2004) Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 104:6017–6084
Kumar MNVR (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 46:1–27
Original Papers
Safafar H, Ljubic A, Moller P, Jacobsen C (2019) Two-step
direct transesterification as a rapid method for the
analysis of fatty acids in microalgae biomass. Eur J
Lipid Sci Technol 121(5):1700409
Hess SK, Lepetit B, Kroth PG, Mecking S (2018) Production
of chemicals from microalgae lipids - status and perspectives. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 120(1):1700152
5 Chitosan is also used as a flocculant to
separate undissolved suspended solids
and impurities from wastewater, but also
from beverages.
5 Chitosan and chitosan derivatives are
also used in the cosmetics industry,
for example, for skin creams and hair
care products in which the film-forming
properties are exploited.
5 Further polysaccharides of marine
origin, which mainly occur in algae, are
alginic acid, carrageenan and agar-agar.
These are composed of very different
monosaccharides and often do not have a
uniform structure. These polysaccharides
are mainly used as gelling agents in the
food sector or in microbiology.
? Ten Quickies
1. Where do Chitin and Chitosan occur in
nature?
2. What is the chemical structure of chitin?
What is the difference to chitosan and
when do we speak of chitosan?
3. Compare the structure of chitin with that
of cellulose!
4. Which raw material is used for the
technical production of chitin?
5. With which substances does chitin form
a composite structure and by which
process steps are these separated from
chitin?
6. How can chitosan be obtained from
chitin on a commercial scale? Are there
any alternatives?
7. What is chitosan soluble in and on what is
this behavior based?
8. How are chitosan films produced? Give
an example of a potential application!
9. What is the basis for the possibility of
selectively separating heavy metals from
wastewater using chitosan?
10. Name three further areas of application
for chitosan!
9.4 · Other Marine Polysaccharides
9
References
Monographs and Review Articles
Rinaudo M, Goycoolea FM (eds) (2019) Advances in chitin/
chitosan characterization and applications. MDPI AG
Phillips J (ed) (2017) Chitin: properties, applications &
research. Nova Science Publishers
Dutta PK (2016) Chitin and chitosan for regenerative
medicine. Springer
Younes I, Rinaudo M (2015) Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and
applications. Mar Drugs 13:1133–1174
Sashiwa H, Harding D (eds) (2015) Advances in marine
chitin and chitosan. MDPI AG
Zargar V, Asghari M, Dashti A (2015) A review on chitin
and chitosan polymers: structure, chemistry, solubility, derivatives, and applications. ChemBioEng Rev
2:204–226
Kim S-K (2014) Chitin and chitosan, derivatives - advances
in drug discovery and developments. CRC Press, Boca
Raton
Hirano S (2012) Chitin and chitosan. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Voragen A, Rolin C, Marr B, Challen I, Riad A, Lebbar R,
Knutsen S (2012) Polysaccharides. In: Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Gupta NS (ed) (2011) Chitin - formation and diagenesis.
Springer, Dordrecht
Kim S-K (2011) Chitin, chitosan, oligosaccharides and their
derivatives: biological activities and applications. CRC
Press, Boca Raton
Cohen Z, Ratledge C (eds) (2010) Single cell oils, microbial
and algal oils, 2nd edn. AOCS Press
Rinaudo M (2006) Chitin and chitosan: properties and
applications. Prog Polym Sci 31:603–632
Vårum KM, Smidsrod O (2005) Structure-property relationship in chitosans. In: Dumitriu S (ed) Polysaccharides - structural diversity and functional versitality.
Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 625–639
Kumar MNVR, Muzzarelli RAA, Muzzarelli C, Sashiwa H,
Domb AJ (2004) Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem Rev 104:6017–6084
Kumar MNVR (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym 46:1–27
Original Papers
Safafar H, Ljubic A, Moller P, Jacobsen C (2019) Two-step
direct transesterification as a rapid method for the
analysis of fatty acids in microalgae biomass. Eur J
Lipid Sci Technol 121(5):1700409
Hess SK, Lepetit B, Kroth PG, Mecking S (2018) Production
of chemicals from microalgae lipids - status and perspectives. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 120(1):1700152
5 Chitosan is also used as a flocculant to
separate undissolved suspended solids
and impurities from wastewater, but also
from beverages.
5 Chitosan and chitosan derivatives are
also used in the cosmetics industry,
for example, for skin creams and hair
care products in which the film-forming
properties are exploited.
5 Further polysaccharides of marine
origin, which mainly occur in algae, are
alginic acid, carrageenan and agar-agar.
These are composed of very different
monosaccharides and often do not have a
uniform structure. These polysaccharides
are mainly used as gelling agents in the
food sector or in microbiology.
? Ten Quickies
1. Where do Chitin and Chitosan occur in
nature?
2. What is the chemical structure of chitin?
What is the difference to chitosan and
when do we speak of chitosan?
3. Compare the structure of chitin with that
of cellulose!
4. Which raw material is used for the
technical production of chitin?
5. With which substances does chitin form
a composite structure and by which
process steps are these separated from
chitin?
6. How can chitosan be obtained from
chitin on a commercial scale? Are there
any alternatives?
7. What is chitosan soluble in and on what is
this behavior based?
8. How are chitosan films produced? Give
an example of a potential application!
9. What is the basis for the possibility of
selectively separating heavy metals from
wastewater using chitosan?
10. Name three further areas of application
for chitosan!
9.4 · Other Marine Polysaccharides