80
P. Senthil Kumar and S. Suganya
3.3.4 X-Ray Diffractometry
Recycled fibers with distinct properties from virgin material is examined using Xray diffractometry. It is a non-destructive technique rendering knowledge about
crystallinity of a fiber, internal structure of a fiber, the shape of the scattering samples,
chemical composition and distribution of tested fiber. Crystallinity deals with a wide
range of crystalline, semi-crystalline and amorphous based on the spectrum obtained
within angle 2θ. The determination of α and β molecular configuration of fiber is
done through X-ray scattering on the principle of dynamic theory of diffraction.
Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) probe is available to study between nanoscale
to microscale of the fibers whereas scattering angle is 2θ > 0°. Likely, the WideAngle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) probe is available to study macro structure of fiber
whereas scattering angle is 2θ > 5° [18].
3.3.5 Thermogravimetry
As the function of the change in temperature with respect to change in the weight of
the polyester sample can be determined using thermogravimetry. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) focusses on the measurements of weight with respect to temperature and temperature range.
Thermoanalytical technique identifies the weight loss of a fiber and at which point
the loss is more apparent. The fibrous samples with respect to shrinkage, bending
or expansion, moisture content, temperature range which is proportional to thermal
stability and fiber strength can be measured [19]. The final products of textile can be
further examined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (for melting behaviour),
Thermogravimetry (for evaporation behaviour), Thermo Mechanical Analysis (for
shrinkage), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (for viscoelastic behaviour). Thermal
degree of degradation is also be measured for threads, fibers and fabric.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
TGA analysis provides the information of the mass loss of a fiber with respect to
time. The exothermic or endothermic effect with regards to time can be detected
from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis [20]. Since DSC/TGA is
less sensitive and DSC curves are also less resolved. Crystallization temperature
(Tc) and melting temperature (Tm) can be estimated from the peaks generated by
DSC signal [21]. The maximum onset and melting temperature are tabulated [22] in
Table 3.
P. Senthil Kumar and S. Suganya
3.3.4 X-Ray Diffractometry
Recycled fibers with distinct properties from virgin material is examined using Xray diffractometry. It is a non-destructive technique rendering knowledge about
crystallinity of a fiber, internal structure of a fiber, the shape of the scattering samples,
chemical composition and distribution of tested fiber. Crystallinity deals with a wide
range of crystalline, semi-crystalline and amorphous based on the spectrum obtained
within angle 2θ. The determination of α and β molecular configuration of fiber is
done through X-ray scattering on the principle of dynamic theory of diffraction.
Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) probe is available to study between nanoscale
to microscale of the fibers whereas scattering angle is 2θ > 0°. Likely, the WideAngle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) probe is available to study macro structure of fiber
whereas scattering angle is 2θ > 5° [18].
3.3.5 Thermogravimetry
As the function of the change in temperature with respect to change in the weight of
the polyester sample can be determined using thermogravimetry. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) focusses on the measurements of weight with respect to temperature and temperature range.
Thermoanalytical technique identifies the weight loss of a fiber and at which point
the loss is more apparent. The fibrous samples with respect to shrinkage, bending
or expansion, moisture content, temperature range which is proportional to thermal
stability and fiber strength can be measured [19]. The final products of textile can be
further examined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (for melting behaviour),
Thermogravimetry (for evaporation behaviour), Thermo Mechanical Analysis (for
shrinkage), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (for viscoelastic behaviour). Thermal
degree of degradation is also be measured for threads, fibers and fabric.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
TGA analysis provides the information of the mass loss of a fiber with respect to
time. The exothermic or endothermic effect with regards to time can be detected
from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis [20]. Since DSC/TGA is
less sensitive and DSC curves are also less resolved. Crystallization temperature
(Tc) and melting temperature (Tm) can be estimated from the peaks generated by
DSC signal [21]. The maximum onset and melting temperature are tabulated [22] in
Table 3.