84
M. Scarsini et al.
Table 5.2
Putative sources and alternative sources among microalga for the production of carotenoids and carotenoid precursors for industrial applications.
The shaded lines indicate carotenoids that are produced under stress conditions. TC: Total carotenoids. Completed after Raposo et al. (2015) and Gateau et al.
(2017)
Carotenoids
Traditional sources
Microalgal alternative source
Cellular concentration
α-carotene
Red alga
α-carotene
Dunaliella salina
(Christaki et al. 2013)
Astaxanthin
Yeast: yeast Xanthophyllomyces
dendrorhous
(Phaffia rhodozyma)
(Rodríguez-Sáiz et al. 2010; Schmidt et al.
2011)
Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella zofingiensis,
Diacronema vlkianum, Euglena rubida,
Haematococcus pluvialis, Neochloris
wimmeri, Scotiellopsis oocystiformis
(Lemoine and Schoefs 2010; Kopecky et al.
2000; Christaki et al. 2013; Ranga Rao et al.
2010; Del Campo et al. 2004; Orosa et al.
2000; Zhang and Lee 1997; Durmaz et al.
2009)
Haematococcus pluvialis:
up to 7%
DW/40 mg g −1
DW (Sathasivam and Ki
2018; Lorenz and Cysewski 2000), 75% TC
(Raposo et al. 2015)
Chlorella zofingiensis:
up to 3.7% DW (Liu
et al. 2014)
β-carotene
Industrial production: Chemistry, fungus:
Blakeslea trispora
(Britton et al. 2009);
dietary: carrots and other vegetables
Arthrospira platensis, Botryococcus braunii,
Chlorococcum sp., Dunaliella salina,
Parietochloris sp., Synechocystis sp.,
Chlorella zofingiengis
(Del Campo et al.
2007; Solovchenko et al. 2008)
Arthrospira sp.:
80% TC (Raposo et al.
2015), Chlorella zofingiengis:
50% TC
(Raposo et al. 2015), 0.9% DW (Sathasivam
and Ki 2018)
Dunaliella salina:
up to 13% DW
(Sathasivam et al. 2019), 50%
Canthaxanthin
Bacterium: Gordonia jacobaea
(Veiga-Crespo et al. 2005)
Anabaena sp.
(Shahidi and Brown 1998),
Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata
(Abe
et al. 2007), Chlorella vulgaris
(Raposo et al.
2015)
Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata:
4.75% DW (Abe et al. 2007), Chlorella
vulgaris:
45% TC (Raposo et al. 2015)
Echinenone
Botryococcus braunii
(Tonegawa et al. 1998) Botryococcus braunii:
0.17% DW
(Tonegawa et al. 1998)
(continued)
M. Scarsini et al.
Table 5.2
Putative sources and alternative sources among microalga for the production of carotenoids and carotenoid precursors for industrial applications.
The shaded lines indicate carotenoids that are produced under stress conditions. TC: Total carotenoids. Completed after Raposo et al. (2015) and Gateau et al.
(2017)
Carotenoids
Traditional sources
Microalgal alternative source
Cellular concentration
α-carotene
Red alga
α-carotene
Dunaliella salina
(Christaki et al. 2013)
Astaxanthin
Yeast: yeast Xanthophyllomyces
dendrorhous
(Phaffia rhodozyma)
(Rodríguez-Sáiz et al. 2010; Schmidt et al.
2011)
Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella zofingiensis,
Diacronema vlkianum, Euglena rubida,
Haematococcus pluvialis, Neochloris
wimmeri, Scotiellopsis oocystiformis
(Lemoine and Schoefs 2010; Kopecky et al.
2000; Christaki et al. 2013; Ranga Rao et al.
2010; Del Campo et al. 2004; Orosa et al.
2000; Zhang and Lee 1997; Durmaz et al.
2009)
Haematococcus pluvialis:
up to 7%
DW/40 mg g −1
DW (Sathasivam and Ki
2018; Lorenz and Cysewski 2000), 75% TC
(Raposo et al. 2015)
Chlorella zofingiensis:
up to 3.7% DW (Liu
et al. 2014)
β-carotene
Industrial production: Chemistry, fungus:
Blakeslea trispora
(Britton et al. 2009);
dietary: carrots and other vegetables
Arthrospira platensis, Botryococcus braunii,
Chlorococcum sp., Dunaliella salina,
Parietochloris sp., Synechocystis sp.,
Chlorella zofingiengis
(Del Campo et al.
2007; Solovchenko et al. 2008)
Arthrospira sp.:
80% TC (Raposo et al.
2015), Chlorella zofingiengis:
50% TC
(Raposo et al. 2015), 0.9% DW (Sathasivam
and Ki 2018)
Dunaliella salina:
up to 13% DW
(Sathasivam et al. 2019), 50%
Canthaxanthin
Bacterium: Gordonia jacobaea
(Veiga-Crespo et al. 2005)
Anabaena sp.
(Shahidi and Brown 1998),
Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata
(Abe
et al. 2007), Chlorella vulgaris
(Raposo et al.
2015)
Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata:
4.75% DW (Abe et al. 2007), Chlorella
vulgaris:
45% TC (Raposo et al. 2015)
Echinenone
Botryococcus braunii
(Tonegawa et al. 1998) Botryococcus braunii:
0.17% DW
(Tonegawa et al. 1998)
(continued)