21 Carotenoids as Anti-obesity Supplements
551
21.7 Conclusion
In vitro and preclinical studies clearly indicate beneficial effects of carotenoid
consumption on obesity and associated physiopathological disorders including
metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis. Molecular mechanisms
begin to be unveiled, even if it is not always clear if carotenoids are active under their
native form or after cleavage and metabolization, and adipose tissue appears as a
major target of those molecules. Nevertheless, recent but limited data suggest that
carotenoids or metabolites might also act at the central level, probably by preventing
or decreasing obesity-associated neuro-inflammation and comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials using pure carotenoid(s) should be urgently conducted to confirm
preclinical and observational studies.
References
Amengual, J., Gouranton, E., van Helden, Y. G., Hessel, S., Ribot, J., Kramer, E., et al. (2011).
β-carotene reduces body adiposity of mice via BCMO1. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20644.
Andersen, L. F., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Gross, M. D., Schreiner, P. J., Dale Williams, O., & Lee, D. H.
(2006). Longitudinal associations between body mass index and serum carotenoids: the CARDIA
study. British Journal of Nutrition, 95(2), 358–365.
Antras, J., Lasnier, F., & Pairault, J. (1991). Adipsin gene expression in 3T3-F442A adipocytes is
posttranscriptionally down-regulated by retinoic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266(2),
1157–1161.
Aragones, G., Ardid-Ruiz, A., Ibars, M., Suarez, M., & Blade, C. (2016). Modulation of leptin
resistance by food compounds. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 60(8), 1789–1803.
Arner, E., Westermark, P. O., Spalding, K. L., Britton, T., Ryden, M., Frisen, J., et al. (2010).
Adipocyte turnover: relevance to human adipose tissue morphology. Diabetes, 59(1), 105–109.
Arunkumar, E., Bhuvaneswari, S., & Anuradha, C. V. (2012). An intervention study in obese
mice with astaxanthin, a marine carotenoid–effects on insulin signaling and pro-inflammatory
cytokines. Food & Function, 3(2), 120–126.
Aydemir, G., Carlsen, H., Blomhoff, R., & Ruhl, R. (2012). Lycopene induces retinoic acid receptor
transcriptional activation in mice. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 56(5), 702–712.
Ben-Dor, A., Steiner, M., Gheber, L., Danilenko, M., Dubi, N., Linnewiel, K., et al. (2005).
Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. Molecular Cancer
Therapeutics, 4(1), 177–186.
Berry, D. C., & Noy, N. (2009). All-trans-retinoic acid represses obesity and insulin resistance by
activating both peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor beta/delta and retinoic acid receptor.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29(12), 3286–3296.
Berthoud, H. R. (2002). Multiple neural systems controlling food intake and body weight.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(4), 393–428.
Beydoun, M. A., Shroff, M. R., Chen, X., Beydoun, H. A., Wang, Y., & Zonderman, A. B. (2011).
Serum antioxidant status is associated with metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults in recent
national surveys. Journal of Nutrition, 141(5), 903–913.
Beydoun, M. A., Chen, X., Jha, K., Beydoun, H. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Canas, J. A. (2019).
Carotenoids, vitamin A, and their association with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 77(1), 32–45.
Blaner, W. S. (2019). Vitamin A signaling and homeostasis in obesity, diabetes, and metabolic
disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
551
21.7 Conclusion
In vitro and preclinical studies clearly indicate beneficial effects of carotenoid
consumption on obesity and associated physiopathological disorders including
metabolic inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis. Molecular mechanisms
begin to be unveiled, even if it is not always clear if carotenoids are active under their
native form or after cleavage and metabolization, and adipose tissue appears as a
major target of those molecules. Nevertheless, recent but limited data suggest that
carotenoids or metabolites might also act at the central level, probably by preventing
or decreasing obesity-associated neuro-inflammation and comorbidities. Randomized clinical trials using pure carotenoid(s) should be urgently conducted to confirm
preclinical and observational studies.
References
Amengual, J., Gouranton, E., van Helden, Y. G., Hessel, S., Ribot, J., Kramer, E., et al. (2011).
β-carotene reduces body adiposity of mice via BCMO1. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20644.
Andersen, L. F., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Gross, M. D., Schreiner, P. J., Dale Williams, O., & Lee, D. H.
(2006). Longitudinal associations between body mass index and serum carotenoids: the CARDIA
study. British Journal of Nutrition, 95(2), 358–365.
Antras, J., Lasnier, F., & Pairault, J. (1991). Adipsin gene expression in 3T3-F442A adipocytes is
posttranscriptionally down-regulated by retinoic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266(2),
1157–1161.
Aragones, G., Ardid-Ruiz, A., Ibars, M., Suarez, M., & Blade, C. (2016). Modulation of leptin
resistance by food compounds. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 60(8), 1789–1803.
Arner, E., Westermark, P. O., Spalding, K. L., Britton, T., Ryden, M., Frisen, J., et al. (2010).
Adipocyte turnover: relevance to human adipose tissue morphology. Diabetes, 59(1), 105–109.
Arunkumar, E., Bhuvaneswari, S., & Anuradha, C. V. (2012). An intervention study in obese
mice with astaxanthin, a marine carotenoid–effects on insulin signaling and pro-inflammatory
cytokines. Food & Function, 3(2), 120–126.
Aydemir, G., Carlsen, H., Blomhoff, R., & Ruhl, R. (2012). Lycopene induces retinoic acid receptor
transcriptional activation in mice. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 56(5), 702–712.
Ben-Dor, A., Steiner, M., Gheber, L., Danilenko, M., Dubi, N., Linnewiel, K., et al. (2005).
Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. Molecular Cancer
Therapeutics, 4(1), 177–186.
Berry, D. C., & Noy, N. (2009). All-trans-retinoic acid represses obesity and insulin resistance by
activating both peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor beta/delta and retinoic acid receptor.
Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29(12), 3286–3296.
Berthoud, H. R. (2002). Multiple neural systems controlling food intake and body weight.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(4), 393–428.
Beydoun, M. A., Shroff, M. R., Chen, X., Beydoun, H. A., Wang, Y., & Zonderman, A. B. (2011).
Serum antioxidant status is associated with metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults in recent
national surveys. Journal of Nutrition, 141(5), 903–913.
Beydoun, M. A., Chen, X., Jha, K., Beydoun, H. A., Zonderman, A. B., & Canas, J. A. (2019).
Carotenoids, vitamin A, and their association with the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 77(1), 32–45.
Blaner, W. S. (2019). Vitamin A signaling and homeostasis in obesity, diabetes, and metabolic
disorders. Pharmacology & Therapeutics.