484
F. Md. Yusoff et al.
Table 19.2 (continued)
Pigment type
Cultured
animals/plants
Advantages/effects
References
Astaxanthin
Chinese mitten crab
Eriocheir sinensis
Enhanced carapace
astaxanthin content
Alleviated oxidative
damage due to high
pH stress
Wang et al. (2018b)
Astaxanthin
Penaeus monodon
Improved colour,
growth, carotenoid
digestibility and the
accumulation of
specific carotenoid
esters
Wade et al. (2017a)
Carotenoids:
Astaxanthin,
β-carotene
Crustaceans: Penaeus
monodon,
Litopenaeus
vannamei,
Marsupenaeus
japonicus
Improved
pigmentation of
shrimps
Boonyaratpalin et al.
(2001), Wade et al.
(2017b)
Astaxanthin
Rotifers, Brachionus
manjavacas
Enhanced nutritional
contents of live feeds
Johnston et al. (2018)
Phycobiliproteins:
Phycocyanin
Guppy fish (Poecilia
reticulata)
Increase in the final
weight, length,
specific growth rate,
and protein efficiency
ratio; enhanced skin
colour
Biabani Asrami et al.
(2019)
Phycobiliproteins:
Phycocyanin
Asian seabass, Lates
calcarifer larvae
Reduced cannibalism,
improved survival and
disease resistance
Gora et al. (2019)
Phycobiliproteins:
Phycocyanin
Cyprinus carpio
Improved survival and
non-specific immune
response
Muchtar et al. (2019)
(Reis et al. 1998). According to Bryant et al. (1979), major classes of phycobiliproteins in red microalgae and cyanobacteria are allophycocyanin (APC, bluish green),
phycoerythrin (PE, red), phycocyanin (PC, blue) and phycoerythrocyanin (PEC,
orange). The maximum absorbance of phycoerythrin is λ Amax 565–575 nm, phycoerythrocyanin λ Amax 577 nm, phycocyanins λ Amax 615–640 nm and allophycocyanin
λ Amax 650–655 nm whereas they emit light at 660 nm, 637 nm, 577 nm and 607 nm,
respectively (Begum et al. 2016).
Allophycocyanin, a core-constructing phycobiliproteins, can be found in all
phycobilisome-containing organisms, red algae, glaucophytes and cyanobacteria
which grow in natural environment. The content of allophycocyanin is higher with
respect to total phycobiliprotein content in cyanobacteria when compared with red
algae (Chakdar and Pabbi 2017).
F. Md. Yusoff et al.
Table 19.2 (continued)
Pigment type
Cultured
animals/plants
Advantages/effects
References
Astaxanthin
Chinese mitten crab
Eriocheir sinensis
Enhanced carapace
astaxanthin content
Alleviated oxidative
damage due to high
pH stress
Wang et al. (2018b)
Astaxanthin
Penaeus monodon
Improved colour,
growth, carotenoid
digestibility and the
accumulation of
specific carotenoid
esters
Wade et al. (2017a)
Carotenoids:
Astaxanthin,
β-carotene
Crustaceans: Penaeus
monodon,
Litopenaeus
vannamei,
Marsupenaeus
japonicus
Improved
pigmentation of
shrimps
Boonyaratpalin et al.
(2001), Wade et al.
(2017b)
Astaxanthin
Rotifers, Brachionus
manjavacas
Enhanced nutritional
contents of live feeds
Johnston et al. (2018)
Phycobiliproteins:
Phycocyanin
Guppy fish (Poecilia
reticulata)
Increase in the final
weight, length,
specific growth rate,
and protein efficiency
ratio; enhanced skin
colour
Biabani Asrami et al.
(2019)
Phycobiliproteins:
Phycocyanin
Asian seabass, Lates
calcarifer larvae
Reduced cannibalism,
improved survival and
disease resistance
Gora et al. (2019)
Phycobiliproteins:
Phycocyanin
Cyprinus carpio
Improved survival and
non-specific immune
response
Muchtar et al. (2019)
(Reis et al. 1998). According to Bryant et al. (1979), major classes of phycobiliproteins in red microalgae and cyanobacteria are allophycocyanin (APC, bluish green),
phycoerythrin (PE, red), phycocyanin (PC, blue) and phycoerythrocyanin (PEC,
orange). The maximum absorbance of phycoerythrin is λ Amax 565–575 nm, phycoerythrocyanin λ Amax 577 nm, phycocyanins λ Amax 615–640 nm and allophycocyanin
λ Amax 650–655 nm whereas they emit light at 660 nm, 637 nm, 577 nm and 607 nm,
respectively (Begum et al. 2016).
Allophycocyanin, a core-constructing phycobiliproteins, can be found in all
phycobilisome-containing organisms, red algae, glaucophytes and cyanobacteria
which grow in natural environment. The content of allophycocyanin is higher with
respect to total phycobiliprotein content in cyanobacteria when compared with red
algae (Chakdar and Pabbi 2017).