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M. Honda
multiple studies have focused on their beneficial roles in eye health. Most clinical
epidemiological researches supported that lutein and zeaxanthin have reduce the risk
of some eye diseases, e.g., age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis
pigmentosa (Ma and Lin 2010; Stringham et al. 2010). The powerful blue-light
filtering activity and antioxidant activity of these carotenoids may be responsible for
the protective effects (Junghans et al. 2001; Kijlstra et al. 2012). Moreover, lutein and
zeaxanthin are present in human skin, and animal studies have provided evidence of
significant efficacy against UV-induced skin damage (Roberts et al. 2009).
18.1.5 β-Cryptoxanthin
β-Cryptoxanthin, a major source of vitamin A, is a yellow xanthophyll found abundantly in red chili, papaya, and Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) (Breithaupt
and Bamedi 2001; Takayanagi et al. 2011). β-Cryptoxanthin may be effective for
reduction in the risks of lung and oral cancers and stimulate the repair of DNA
oxidation damage due to strong antioxidant activity (Leoncini et al. 2015; Lorenzo
et al. 2008; Männistö et al. 2004). A number of studies have addressed that the
carotenoid would have the preventive role in osteoporosis. β-Cryptoxanthin has stimulatory effects on osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitory effects on osteoclastic
bone resorption, and they induce increase of bone mass (Yamaguchi and Uchiyama
2003, 2004). In addition, the carotenoid has an effect on the gene expression of
several proteins which are associated with osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption (Uchiyama and Yamaguchi 2005; Yamaguchi 2012). Some
epidemiological studies also support that the intake of foods rich in β-cryptoxanthin
may reduce risks of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (Sugiura et al. 2008; Wang et al.
2007). Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin has anti-obesity activity (Shirakura et al. 2011;
Takayanagi et al. 2011). For example, Takayanagi et al. (2011) reported that oral
administration of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) rich in β-cryptoxanthin
repressed body weight, abdominal adipose tissue weight, and serum lipid concentrations in obese model mouse. They also confirmed by gene expression analysis that
the carotenoid can alter cytokine secretion and cell proliferation. In addition, high
plasma levels of β-cryptoxanthin were associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis
(Nakamura et al. 2006).
18.1.6 Fucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin, an allenic xanthophyll, is an orange-colored pigment found abundantly in edible brown seaweeds such as kombu (Laminaria japonica) and wakame
(Undaria pinnatifida) (D’Orazio et al. 2012). As with other carotenoids, fucoxanthin had strong anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities as well as high antioxidant activity (Hosokawa et al. 2004; Sachindra et al. 2007; Sugawara et al. 2006;
M. Honda
multiple studies have focused on their beneficial roles in eye health. Most clinical
epidemiological researches supported that lutein and zeaxanthin have reduce the risk
of some eye diseases, e.g., age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis
pigmentosa (Ma and Lin 2010; Stringham et al. 2010). The powerful blue-light
filtering activity and antioxidant activity of these carotenoids may be responsible for
the protective effects (Junghans et al. 2001; Kijlstra et al. 2012). Moreover, lutein and
zeaxanthin are present in human skin, and animal studies have provided evidence of
significant efficacy against UV-induced skin damage (Roberts et al. 2009).
18.1.5 β-Cryptoxanthin
β-Cryptoxanthin, a major source of vitamin A, is a yellow xanthophyll found abundantly in red chili, papaya, and Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) (Breithaupt
and Bamedi 2001; Takayanagi et al. 2011). β-Cryptoxanthin may be effective for
reduction in the risks of lung and oral cancers and stimulate the repair of DNA
oxidation damage due to strong antioxidant activity (Leoncini et al. 2015; Lorenzo
et al. 2008; Männistö et al. 2004). A number of studies have addressed that the
carotenoid would have the preventive role in osteoporosis. β-Cryptoxanthin has stimulatory effects on osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitory effects on osteoclastic
bone resorption, and they induce increase of bone mass (Yamaguchi and Uchiyama
2003, 2004). In addition, the carotenoid has an effect on the gene expression of
several proteins which are associated with osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption (Uchiyama and Yamaguchi 2005; Yamaguchi 2012). Some
epidemiological studies also support that the intake of foods rich in β-cryptoxanthin
may reduce risks of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (Sugiura et al. 2008; Wang et al.
2007). Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin has anti-obesity activity (Shirakura et al. 2011;
Takayanagi et al. 2011). For example, Takayanagi et al. (2011) reported that oral
administration of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) rich in β-cryptoxanthin
repressed body weight, abdominal adipose tissue weight, and serum lipid concentrations in obese model mouse. They also confirmed by gene expression analysis that
the carotenoid can alter cytokine secretion and cell proliferation. In addition, high
plasma levels of β-cryptoxanthin were associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis
(Nakamura et al. 2006).
18.1.6 Fucoxanthin
Fucoxanthin, an allenic xanthophyll, is an orange-colored pigment found abundantly in edible brown seaweeds such as kombu (Laminaria japonica) and wakame
(Undaria pinnatifida) (D’Orazio et al. 2012). As with other carotenoids, fucoxanthin had strong anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities as well as high antioxidant activity (Hosokawa et al. 2004; Sachindra et al. 2007; Sugawara et al. 2006;