26
S. Takaichi
Table 2.2 Carotenogenesis genes and enzymes, whose functions are confirmed, in phototrophic
microalgae
Gene
Enzyme
Species
References
crtE, ggps
Geranylgeranyl
pyrophosphate synthase
Thermosynechococcus
elongates BP-1
Porphyra umbilicalis
UTEX LB-2591
Euglena gracilis
Ohto et al. (1999)
Yang et al. (2016)
Kato et al. (2016)
crtB, pys, psy
Phytoene synthase
Gloeobacter violaceus
PCC 7421
Synechococcus
elongatus PCC 7942
Synechocystis sp. PCC
6803
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum 646
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
Haematococcus
pluvialis NIES-144
Euglena gracilis
Steiger et al. (2005)
Chamovitz et al. (1992)
Martínez-Férez et al.
(1994)
Dambek et al. (2012)
McCarthy et al. (2004)
Steinbrenner and Linden
(2001)
Kato et al. (2016)
crtI
Phytoene desaturase
(bacterial type)
Gloeobacter violaceus
PCC 7421
Steiger et al. (2005)
Tsuchiya et al. (2005)
crtP, pds
Phytoene desaturase
(plant type)
Arthrospira platensis
NIES-39
Synechococcus
elongatus PCC 7942
Synechocystis sp. PCC
6803
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum 646
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
Chlorella zofingiensis
ATCC 30412
Euglena gracilis
Sugiyama et al. (2020)
Chamovitz et al. (1992)
Martínez-Férez and
Vioque (1992)
Dambek et al. (2012)
Vila et al. (2008)
Huang et al. (2008)
Liu et al. (2010)
Kato et al. (2019)
crtQ, zds
ζ-Carotene desaturase
Anabaena sp. PCC
7120
Synechocystis sp. PCC
6803
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum 646
Euglena gracilis
Linden et al. (1993)
Breitenbach et al. (1998)
Dambek et al. (2012)
Kato et al. (2019)
Z-ISO
ζ-Carotene isomerase
Arthrospira platensis
NIES-39
Euglena gracilis
Sugiyama et al. (2020)
crtH, crtISO
ζ-Carotene isomerase
Synechocystis sp. PCC
6803
Masamoto et al. (2001)
Breitenbach et al. (2001)
(continued)