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J. Jeevanandam et al.
in endothelial cells (HUVECs). The anticancer activities of fucoxanthin with astaxanthin and β-carotene are reported towards HL-60 cancer cells (Kim et al. 2012).
The role of several secondary pigments including zeaxanthin on cancer cell lines
of prostate region is documented in the experiment by (Kotake-Nara et al. 2001)
and fucoxanthin exhibited the highest growth inhibition rates. It is noteworthy that
the effects of fucoxanthin and its metabolites varies depending upon the type of
cancer cells. Moreover, Fucoxanthin also possesses antidiabetic activity. Obese mice
treated with fucoxanthin restored normal blood glucose and insulin levels by elevating
glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels in skeletal muscle cells (Maeda et al. 2009).
A carotenoid cryptoxanthin also inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation, whereas
combinations with oxaliplatin induced cancer cells apoptosis (Sathasivam and Ki
2018). These are important applications of some of the secondary pigments of
microalgae.
The essential lipid fraction of microalgae includes fatty acids, waxes, and sterols
(Spolaore et al. 2006a). Based on head group polarity, fatty acids are divided into two
groups, namely, neutral and amphipathic lipids (includes phospholipids and glycolipids) (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015). Acylglycerols is characterized into monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols depending on the number of fatty
acids (Halim et al. 2012). Production of microalgal lipids is based on its species and
the culture conditions, including pH and salinity (Guschina and Harwood 2006). The
content of neutral lipids in microalgae is efficiently increased by nitrogen starvation
(Breuer et al. 2012; Yeesang and Cheirsilp 2011; Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015).
Important commercial source of DHA includes dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium
cohnii, and Schizochytrium and can be extracted algal oil extraction methods includes
mechanical pressing, homogenization, milling, and solvent extraction (Palmquist and
Jenkins 2003).
Among the fatty acids of polyunsaturated nature, omega-3 PUFA is considered
as a fish oil substitution (Ryckebosch et al. 2014). Microalgal fatty acids of omega-3
type have several medicinal benefits in reducing high blood pressure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmia. Adequate intake of major omega-3 PUFA,
namely, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by pregnant women is highly essential for the enhanced fetal brain growth (Adarme-Vega
et al. 2012). Algal classes producing EPA include Bacillariophyeae and several other
microalgal species (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015). Thus, algal lipids are used as an
alternate source of nutritionally significant PUFA and are composed of functional
food formulations (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015). Another important application of
algal lipid is their benefits in aquaculture as documented in various studies (Gladue
and Maxey 1994; Birkou et al. 2012).
14.4 Microalgal Pigments as a Potential Economic Booster
The evolution of biotechnology commenced to flourish during the last century, with
a steep increase in the microalgal production for aquaculture, human as well as
animal food and fodder, and cosmetics. This section deals with the application of
J. Jeevanandam et al.
in endothelial cells (HUVECs). The anticancer activities of fucoxanthin with astaxanthin and β-carotene are reported towards HL-60 cancer cells (Kim et al. 2012).
The role of several secondary pigments including zeaxanthin on cancer cell lines
of prostate region is documented in the experiment by (Kotake-Nara et al. 2001)
and fucoxanthin exhibited the highest growth inhibition rates. It is noteworthy that
the effects of fucoxanthin and its metabolites varies depending upon the type of
cancer cells. Moreover, Fucoxanthin also possesses antidiabetic activity. Obese mice
treated with fucoxanthin restored normal blood glucose and insulin levels by elevating
glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels in skeletal muscle cells (Maeda et al. 2009).
A carotenoid cryptoxanthin also inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation, whereas
combinations with oxaliplatin induced cancer cells apoptosis (Sathasivam and Ki
2018). These are important applications of some of the secondary pigments of
microalgae.
The essential lipid fraction of microalgae includes fatty acids, waxes, and sterols
(Spolaore et al. 2006a). Based on head group polarity, fatty acids are divided into two
groups, namely, neutral and amphipathic lipids (includes phospholipids and glycolipids) (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015). Acylglycerols is characterized into monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols depending on the number of fatty
acids (Halim et al. 2012). Production of microalgal lipids is based on its species and
the culture conditions, including pH and salinity (Guschina and Harwood 2006). The
content of neutral lipids in microalgae is efficiently increased by nitrogen starvation
(Breuer et al. 2012; Yeesang and Cheirsilp 2011; Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015).
Important commercial source of DHA includes dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium
cohnii, and Schizochytrium and can be extracted algal oil extraction methods includes
mechanical pressing, homogenization, milling, and solvent extraction (Palmquist and
Jenkins 2003).
Among the fatty acids of polyunsaturated nature, omega-3 PUFA is considered
as a fish oil substitution (Ryckebosch et al. 2014). Microalgal fatty acids of omega-3
type have several medicinal benefits in reducing high blood pressure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmia. Adequate intake of major omega-3 PUFA,
namely, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by pregnant women is highly essential for the enhanced fetal brain growth (Adarme-Vega
et al. 2012). Algal classes producing EPA include Bacillariophyeae and several other
microalgal species (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015). Thus, algal lipids are used as an
alternate source of nutritionally significant PUFA and are composed of functional
food formulations (Cuellar-Bermudez et al. 2015). Another important application of
algal lipid is their benefits in aquaculture as documented in various studies (Gladue
and Maxey 1994; Birkou et al. 2012).
14.4 Microalgal Pigments as a Potential Economic Booster
The evolution of biotechnology commenced to flourish during the last century, with
a steep increase in the microalgal production for aquaculture, human as well as
animal food and fodder, and cosmetics. This section deals with the application of