342
J. Jeevanandam et al.
14.3.5.1 Applications of Astaxanthins
Astaxanthin serve as the superior vitamin E, having a strong antioxidative activity
(10X), compared to β-carotene (Jyonouchi et al. 1995). Higher concentration of
various antioxidative enzymes, including peroxidases are found to be present in
plasma and liver of rat fed with Haematococcus biomass as an astaxanthin source
(Ranga Rao et al. 2010). The levels of these antioxidant enzymes were found to be
increased, when model animals (rabbits and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rats) were
supplemented with astaxanthin (Augusti et al. 2012; Kamath et al. 2008). Likewise,
astaxanthin is a superior antioxidant agent, compared to other carotenoids as seen
in the dermal region of human fibroblasts and hence used as theranostic agents for
diseases related to skin (Camera et al. 2009). In deep burn model, early progression of
burn wounds is prevented by astaxanthin by reducing ROS production and oxidative
stress (Fang et al. 2017). The exclusive molecular astaxanthin structure permits it to
remain stable in both inside and outside the cell membrane and hence, it can aflatoxin
carcinogenicity (Rao et al. 2013).
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant that acts against inflammation in biological systems.
Haematococcus extract containing astaxanthin, reduced the H. pylori growth in
gastric inflammation infected mice (Bennedsen et al. 1999; Park et al. 2010). The
lower rate of respiratory inflammation enhances secondary messenger cGMP and
cAMP levels, which were found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba, astaxanthin, and
Vitamin C supplemented lung tissues (Haines et al. 2011). Another study demonstrated that Haematococcus sp. extracted astaxanthin from preventing gastric ulcers
by inhibiting H 1 K 1 ATPase activity, elevating mucin content and antioxidative activity
(Kamath et al. 2008). Further, astaxanthin are proved to be useful for the ocular
inflammation treatment in rats as it inhibits the NFkB signaling pathway (Suzuki et al.
2006). The mechanism of continuous stress via singlet oxygen leading to inflammation is responsible for neurodegeneration, cancers, and skin damage is well known.
Astaxanthin treatment has been proved to prevent the UV induced skin damage by
reducing the levels of prostaglandin E2 after UV exposure (Yoshihisa et al. 2014).
This inhibitory astaxanthin effect is important for the anti-inflammatory drug development, for skin infections including psoriasis. Astaxanthin also prevents skin thickening and inhibits collagenase, inflammatory mediators, and thus, responsible for the
anti-wrinkle effects (Davinelli et al. 2018).
Numerous studies have demonstrated the purpose of astaxanthin in oxidative stress
reduction, damages renal cells and thus prevents diabetic nephropathy in diabetic
mice (Naito et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2009; Manabe et al. 2008). Astaxanthin, being an
antioxidant, also serves as an immune modulator by providing protection from free
radical damage. This pigment significantly alters immune functions in several studies
using live models (Lin et al. 2015). In murine models, astaxanthin showed a higher
immune modulating effect, compared to β-carotene (Jyonouchi et al. 1991). A human
lymphocyte experiment showed enhanced responsorial production of immunoglobulins to T-cell dependent stimuli (Jyonouchi et al. 1995). In humans, astaxanthin
supplementation for 8 weeks, improved the activity of NK cells that targets and
J. Jeevanandam et al.
14.3.5.1 Applications of Astaxanthins
Astaxanthin serve as the superior vitamin E, having a strong antioxidative activity
(10X), compared to β-carotene (Jyonouchi et al. 1995). Higher concentration of
various antioxidative enzymes, including peroxidases are found to be present in
plasma and liver of rat fed with Haematococcus biomass as an astaxanthin source
(Ranga Rao et al. 2010). The levels of these antioxidant enzymes were found to be
increased, when model animals (rabbits and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rats) were
supplemented with astaxanthin (Augusti et al. 2012; Kamath et al. 2008). Likewise,
astaxanthin is a superior antioxidant agent, compared to other carotenoids as seen
in the dermal region of human fibroblasts and hence used as theranostic agents for
diseases related to skin (Camera et al. 2009). In deep burn model, early progression of
burn wounds is prevented by astaxanthin by reducing ROS production and oxidative
stress (Fang et al. 2017). The exclusive molecular astaxanthin structure permits it to
remain stable in both inside and outside the cell membrane and hence, it can aflatoxin
carcinogenicity (Rao et al. 2013).
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant that acts against inflammation in biological systems.
Haematococcus extract containing astaxanthin, reduced the H. pylori growth in
gastric inflammation infected mice (Bennedsen et al. 1999; Park et al. 2010). The
lower rate of respiratory inflammation enhances secondary messenger cGMP and
cAMP levels, which were found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba, astaxanthin, and
Vitamin C supplemented lung tissues (Haines et al. 2011). Another study demonstrated that Haematococcus sp. extracted astaxanthin from preventing gastric ulcers
by inhibiting H 1 K 1 ATPase activity, elevating mucin content and antioxidative activity
(Kamath et al. 2008). Further, astaxanthin are proved to be useful for the ocular
inflammation treatment in rats as it inhibits the NFkB signaling pathway (Suzuki et al.
2006). The mechanism of continuous stress via singlet oxygen leading to inflammation is responsible for neurodegeneration, cancers, and skin damage is well known.
Astaxanthin treatment has been proved to prevent the UV induced skin damage by
reducing the levels of prostaglandin E2 after UV exposure (Yoshihisa et al. 2014).
This inhibitory astaxanthin effect is important for the anti-inflammatory drug development, for skin infections including psoriasis. Astaxanthin also prevents skin thickening and inhibits collagenase, inflammatory mediators, and thus, responsible for the
anti-wrinkle effects (Davinelli et al. 2018).
Numerous studies have demonstrated the purpose of astaxanthin in oxidative stress
reduction, damages renal cells and thus prevents diabetic nephropathy in diabetic
mice (Naito et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2009; Manabe et al. 2008). Astaxanthin, being an
antioxidant, also serves as an immune modulator by providing protection from free
radical damage. This pigment significantly alters immune functions in several studies
using live models (Lin et al. 2015). In murine models, astaxanthin showed a higher
immune modulating effect, compared to β-carotene (Jyonouchi et al. 1991). A human
lymphocyte experiment showed enhanced responsorial production of immunoglobulins to T-cell dependent stimuli (Jyonouchi et al. 1995). In humans, astaxanthin
supplementation for 8 weeks, improved the activity of NK cells that targets and