12 Industrial Extraction of Microalgal Pigments
271
Table 12.1
(continued)
Pigment
Pigment group Microalgal/cyanobacterial/macroalgal
species with abundance of the pigment
Pretreatment and cell rupture
Extraction solvent
Lutein
Carotenoid
Chlorella vulgaris
(m), Chlorella
sorokiniana
(m), Chlorella pyrenoidosa
(m), Chlorella
sp. (m), Haematococcus
pluvialis
(m), Scenedesmus obliquus
(m), Scenedesmus
sp. (m)
• alkali treatment (KOH)
• autoclave
• bead milling
• freeze drying
• French press
• pulsed electric field
• physical grinding with pestle and
mortar
• ultrasonication
• organic solvent or pressurized
organic solvent: acetone, chloroform,
dichloromethane, diethyl ether,
ethanol, hexane, methanol, petroleum
ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF)
• supercritical carbon dioxide with an
organic co-solvent (such as acetone
and ethanol)
Phycoeryhtrin Phycobiliprotein Porphyridium cruentum
(m),
Rhodomonas salina
(m),
Synechococcus
sp. (cy), Phormidium
sp. (cy), Leptolyngbya
sp. (cy)
• freeze drying
• freeze thawing
• grinding with mortar and pestle
• high-pressure homogenisation
• nitrogen-gas cavitation
• pressure filtration
• ultrasonication
• culture medium
• phosphate buffer
• DI water
• polyethylene glycol (PEG)
• Chaps and asolectin solution in DI
water
Phycocyanin Phycobiliprotein Spirulina platensis
(cy), Galdieria
sulphuraria
(cy), Limnotrhix
sp. (cy),
Synechococcus bacillaris
(cy).
• bead milling
• freeze thawing
• grinding with mortar and pestle
• ultrasonication
• phosphate buffer
• DI water
• protic ionic liquid: 2-hydroxy
ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA),
2-hydroxy ethylammonium formate
(2-HEAF) or a mxiture of 2-HEAA
and 2-HEAF