5 Carotenoid Overproduction in Microalgae: Biochemical …
97
Table 5.6 Occurrence of the different isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) biosynthetic pathways in
different microalgal taxa. (−) very weak if any contribution. The mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway is
localized in the cytoplasm, while the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is plastid located.
Modified after Gateau et al. (2017)
Superphylum/Phylum
Genus species
Pathway used to synthesize IPP
MVA
MEP
Cyanobacteria
Synechocystis
+ (Cunningham et al.
2000; Disch et al.
1998; Lichthenthaler
1998)
Chlorophyta
Scenedesmus
obliquus
− (Schwender et al.
1996)
+ (Schwender et al.
1996)
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
+ (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
Chlorella fusca
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
+ (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
Dunaliella salina − (Capa et al. 2009)
+ (Capa et al. 2009)
Chrysophyta
Ochromonas
malhamensis
+ (Maurey et al. 1986) + (Maurey et al. 1986)
Euglenozoa
Euglena vulgaris + (Disch et al. 1998)
(Lichthenthaler 1998)
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
Bacillariophyta
Rhizosolenia
setigera
+ (Massé et al. 2004)
+ (Massé et al. 2004)
Haslea ostrearia
− (Massé et al. 2004)
+ (Massé et al. 2004)
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
Nitzschia ovalis
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
Rhodophyta
Cyanidium
caldarium
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
+ (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
5.3.1 Hydroxylated Carotenoid
Several unrelated types of carotenoid hydroxylases (CHY) have been identified so far
among the different sequenced genomes. They are denoted as CrtR (cyanobacteria:
Makino et al. (2008)), BCH/CHYB, CYP97A, CYP97B and CYP97C (microalgae
and land plants: Kim et al. (2009), Cui et al. (2013)). BCH/CHYB enzymes are nonheme di-iron hydroxylase whereas CYP97 enzymes contain a hemic iron absorbing
at 450 nm (cytochrome P450) (Yu et al. 2014; Cui et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2009).
Several conserved amino acid residues can be used for identifying the subfamily to
which they belong. Using these elements, Cui et al. (2019) ranged CYP97b in the
CYP97 A/B/C subfamily.
β-carotene can be hydroxylated by a non-heme di-iron hydroxylase, called βcarotene hydroxylase (CHYB) to yield zeaxanthin. It is converted to violaxanthin by
97
Table 5.6 Occurrence of the different isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) biosynthetic pathways in
different microalgal taxa. (−) very weak if any contribution. The mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway is
localized in the cytoplasm, while the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is plastid located.
Modified after Gateau et al. (2017)
Superphylum/Phylum
Genus species
Pathway used to synthesize IPP
MVA
MEP
Cyanobacteria
Synechocystis
+ (Cunningham et al.
2000; Disch et al.
1998; Lichthenthaler
1998)
Chlorophyta
Scenedesmus
obliquus
− (Schwender et al.
1996)
+ (Schwender et al.
1996)
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
+ (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
Chlorella fusca
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
+ (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
Dunaliella salina − (Capa et al. 2009)
+ (Capa et al. 2009)
Chrysophyta
Ochromonas
malhamensis
+ (Maurey et al. 1986) + (Maurey et al. 1986)
Euglenozoa
Euglena vulgaris + (Disch et al. 1998)
(Lichthenthaler 1998)
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
Bacillariophyta
Rhizosolenia
setigera
+ (Massé et al. 2004)
+ (Massé et al. 2004)
Haslea ostrearia
− (Massé et al. 2004)
+ (Massé et al. 2004)
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
Nitzschia ovalis
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
+ (Cveji´ c and Rohmer
2000)
Rhodophyta
Cyanidium
caldarium
− (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
+ (Disch et al. 1998;
Lichthenthaler 1998)
5.3.1 Hydroxylated Carotenoid
Several unrelated types of carotenoid hydroxylases (CHY) have been identified so far
among the different sequenced genomes. They are denoted as CrtR (cyanobacteria:
Makino et al. (2008)), BCH/CHYB, CYP97A, CYP97B and CYP97C (microalgae
and land plants: Kim et al. (2009), Cui et al. (2013)). BCH/CHYB enzymes are nonheme di-iron hydroxylase whereas CYP97 enzymes contain a hemic iron absorbing
at 450 nm (cytochrome P450) (Yu et al. 2014; Cui et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2009).
Several conserved amino acid residues can be used for identifying the subfamily to
which they belong. Using these elements, Cui et al. (2019) ranged CYP97b in the
CYP97 A/B/C subfamily.
β-carotene can be hydroxylated by a non-heme di-iron hydroxylase, called βcarotene hydroxylase (CHYB) to yield zeaxanthin. It is converted to violaxanthin by