166
7 Agar
Therefore, more research should be focused on more advanced extraction techniques
which bring down the production cost and also minimize the environmental impact
of the production process without compromising quality or yield.
References
Alencar POC, Lima CG, Barros FCN, Costa LEC, Freitas ALP (2019) A novel antioxidant sulfated polysaccharide from the algae Gracilaria caudata: in vitro and in vivo activities. Food
Hydrocolloids 90:28–34
Armisen R, Gaiatas F (2009) Agar in: handbook of hydrocolloids. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA
(eds) Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and Nutrition, pp 82–107
BeMiller JN (2019) Carrageenans in: carbohydrate chemistry for food scientists, 3rd edn. Woodhead
Publishing and AACC International, pp 279–291
Bixler HJ, Pose H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol
23:321–335
Chen HM, Yan XJ (2005) Antioxidant activities of agaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees
of polymerization in cell-based system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1722:103–111
Chung IK, Beardall J, Mehta S, Sahoo D, Stojkovic S (2011) J Appl Phycol 23:877–886
Dabrowska A, Rotaru GM, Spano F, Affolter C, Fortunato G, Lehmann S, Derler S, Spencer ND,
Rossi RM (2017) A water -responsive, gelatine-based human skin model. Tribol Int 113:316–322
Earle M, De Portu G, DeVos E (2016) Agar ultrasound phantoms for low-cost training without
refrigeration. Afr J Emerg Med 6:18–23
Ellis AL, Norton AB, Mills TB, Norton IT (2017) Stabilization of foams by agar gel particles. Food
Hydrocolloids 73:222–228
Ellis AL, Mills TB, Norton IT, Norton-Welch AB (2019) The effects of sugars on agar fluid gels
and the stabilisation of their foams. Food Hydrocolloids 87:371–381
FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1
Hernandez-Carmona G, Freile-Pelegrin Y, Hernandez-Garibay E (2013) Conventional and alternative technologies for the extraction of algal polysaccharides. In: Functional ingredients from
algae for foods and nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and
Nutrition, pp 475–516
Incharoen T, Jomjanyouang W, Preecha N (2015) Effects of aqua agar as water replacement for
posthatch chicks during transportation on residual yolk-sac and growth performance of young
broiler chickens. Anim Nutr 1:310–312
Justyna K, Macie S, Helena J, Andrzej S, Katarzyna B, Aneta L (2016) Biodegradable thermoplastic
polymer composition, method for its manufacture and use thereof. EP3064542A1
Kobayashi R, Takisada M, Suzuki T, Kirimura K, Usami S (1997) Neoagarobiose as a novel
moisturizer with whitening effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:162–163
Kumar V, Fotedar R (2009) Agar extraction process for Gracilaria cliftonii. Carbohyd Polym
78(4):813–819
Kwon GH, Kwon MJ, Park JE, Kim YH (2019) Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agardegrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1. Biotechnol Rep 23: e00346
Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz
A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018)
Evidence that the great Pacific garbage patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8(1):4666
Li H, Yu X, Jin Y, Zhang W, Liu Y (2008) Development of an eco-friendly agar extraction technique
from the red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Bioresour Technol 99(8):3301–3305
7 Agar
Therefore, more research should be focused on more advanced extraction techniques
which bring down the production cost and also minimize the environmental impact
of the production process without compromising quality or yield.
References
Alencar POC, Lima CG, Barros FCN, Costa LEC, Freitas ALP (2019) A novel antioxidant sulfated polysaccharide from the algae Gracilaria caudata: in vitro and in vivo activities. Food
Hydrocolloids 90:28–34
Armisen R, Gaiatas F (2009) Agar in: handbook of hydrocolloids. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA
(eds) Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and Nutrition, pp 82–107
BeMiller JN (2019) Carrageenans in: carbohydrate chemistry for food scientists, 3rd edn. Woodhead
Publishing and AACC International, pp 279–291
Bixler HJ, Pose H (2011) A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J Appl Phycol
23:321–335
Chen HM, Yan XJ (2005) Antioxidant activities of agaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees
of polymerization in cell-based system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1722:103–111
Chung IK, Beardall J, Mehta S, Sahoo D, Stojkovic S (2011) J Appl Phycol 23:877–886
Dabrowska A, Rotaru GM, Spano F, Affolter C, Fortunato G, Lehmann S, Derler S, Spencer ND,
Rossi RM (2017) A water -responsive, gelatine-based human skin model. Tribol Int 113:316–322
Earle M, De Portu G, DeVos E (2016) Agar ultrasound phantoms for low-cost training without
refrigeration. Afr J Emerg Med 6:18–23
Ellis AL, Norton AB, Mills TB, Norton IT (2017) Stabilization of foams by agar gel particles. Food
Hydrocolloids 73:222–228
Ellis AL, Mills TB, Norton IT, Norton-Welch AB (2019) The effects of sugars on agar fluid gels
and the stabilisation of their foams. Food Hydrocolloids 87:371–381
FAO (2018) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018—meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-5-130562-1
Hernandez-Carmona G, Freile-Pelegrin Y, Hernandez-Garibay E (2013) Conventional and alternative technologies for the extraction of algal polysaccharides. In: Functional ingredients from
algae for foods and nutraceuticals. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science Technology and
Nutrition, pp 475–516
Incharoen T, Jomjanyouang W, Preecha N (2015) Effects of aqua agar as water replacement for
posthatch chicks during transportation on residual yolk-sac and growth performance of young
broiler chickens. Anim Nutr 1:310–312
Justyna K, Macie S, Helena J, Andrzej S, Katarzyna B, Aneta L (2016) Biodegradable thermoplastic
polymer composition, method for its manufacture and use thereof. EP3064542A1
Kobayashi R, Takisada M, Suzuki T, Kirimura K, Usami S (1997) Neoagarobiose as a novel
moisturizer with whitening effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:162–163
Kumar V, Fotedar R (2009) Agar extraction process for Gracilaria cliftonii. Carbohyd Polym
78(4):813–819
Kwon GH, Kwon MJ, Park JE, Kim YH (2019) Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agardegrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1. Biotechnol Rep 23: e00346
Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S, Schwarz
A, Levivier A, Noble K, Debeljak P, Maral H, Schoeneich-Argent R, Brambini R, Reisser J (2018)
Evidence that the great Pacific garbage patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8(1):4666
Li H, Yu X, Jin Y, Zhang W, Liu Y (2008) Development of an eco-friendly agar extraction technique
from the red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Bioresour Technol 99(8):3301–3305