20. Hennig G, Lowrick O, Birchmeier W, Behrens J (1996) Mechanisms identified in the
transcriptional control of epithelial gene
expression. J Biol Chem 271(1):595–602.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.1.595
21. Rodrigo I, Cato AC, Cano A (1999) Regulation of E-cadherin gene expression during
tumor progression: the role of a new
Ets-binding site and the E-pal element. Exp
Cell Res 248(2):358–371. https://doi.org/
10.1006/excr.1999.4438
22. Faraldo ML, Rodrigo I, Behrens J,
Birchmeier W, Cano A (1997) Analysis of
the E-cadherin and P-cadherin promoters in
murine keratinocyte cell lines from different
stages of mouse skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 20(1):33–47
23. Batsche E, Muchardt C, Behrens J, Hurst
HC, Cremisi C (1998) RB and c-Myc activate
expression of the E-cadherin gene in epithelial
cells through interaction with transcription
factor
AP-2.
Mol
Cell
Biol
18
(7):3647–3658. https://doi.org/10.1128/
mcb.18.7.3647
24. Schwartz B, Melnikova VO, Tellez C,
Mourad-Zeidan A, Blehm K, Zhao YJ,
McCarty M, Adam L, Bar-Eli M (2007) Loss
of AP-2alpha results in deregulation of
E-cadherin and MMP-9 and an increase in
tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells in vivo.
Oncogene 26(28):4049–4058. https://doi.
org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210193
25. Leask A, Byrne C, Fuchs E (1991) Transcription factor AP2 and its role in epidermalspecific gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 88(18):7948–7952. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.88.18.7948
26. Choi I, Carey TS, Wilson CA, Knott JG
(2012) Transcription factor AP-2gamma is a
core regulator of tight junction biogenesis
and cavity formation during mouse early
embryogenesis.
Development
139
(24):4623–4632. https://doi.org/10.1242/
dev.086645
27. Stemmler MP, Hecht A, Kemler R (2005)
E-cadherin intron 2 contains cis-regulatory
elements essential for gene expression. Development 132(5):965–976. https://doi.org/
10.1242/dev.01662
28. Stemmler MP, Hecht A, Kinzel B, Kemler R
(2003) Analysis of regulatory elements of
E-cadherin with reporter gene constructs in
transgenic mouse embryos. Dev Dyn 227
(2):238–245.
https://doi.org/10.1002/
dvdy.10301
29. Jacobs J, Atkins M, Davie K, Imrichova H,
Romanelli L, Christiaens V, Hulselmans G,
Potier D, Wouters J, Taskiran II, Paciello G,
Gonzalez-Blas CB, Koldere D, Aibar S,
Halder G, Aerts S (2018) The transcription
factor grainy head primes epithelial enhancers
for spatiotemporal activation by displacing
nucleosomes. Nat Genet 50(7):1011–1020.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-0180140-x
30. Giroldi LA, Bringuier PP, de Weijert M,
Jansen C, van Bokhoven A, Schalken JA
(1997) Role of E boxes in the repression of
E-cadherin expression. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 241(2):453–458. https://doi.org/
10.1006/bbrc.1997.7831
31. Batlle E, Sancho E, Franci C, Dominguez D,
Monfar M, Baulida J, Garcia De Herreros A
(2000) The transcription factor snail is a
repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in
epithelial tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2
(2):84–89.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
35000034
32. Cano A, Perez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I,
Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG,
Portillo F, Nieto MA (2000) The transcription factor snail controls epithelialmesenchymal transitions by repressing
E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2
(2):76–83.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
35000025
33. Bolos V, Peinado H, Perez-Moreno MA,
Fraga MF, Esteller M, Cano A (2003) The
transcription factor slug represses E-cadherin
expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: a comparison with snail
and E47 repressors. J Cell Sci 116
(Pt 3):499–511
34. Hajra KM, Chen DY, Fearon ER (2002) The
SLUG
zinc-finger
protein
represses
E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res 62
(6):1613–1618
35. Eger A, Aigner K, Sonderegger S, Dampier B,
Oehler S, Schreiber M, Berx G, Cano A,
Beug H, Foisner R (2005) DeltaEF1 is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin and regulates epithelial plasticity in breast cancer cells.
Oncogene 24(14):2375–2385. https://doi.
org/10.1038/sj.onc.1208429
36. Grooteclaes ML, Frisch SM (2000) Evidence
for a function of CtBP in epithelial gene regulation
and
anoikis.
Oncogene
19
(33):3823–3828. https://doi.org/10.1038/
sj.onc.1203721
37. Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P,
Verschueren K, van Grunsven L, Bruyneel E,
Mareel M, Huylebroeck D, van Roy F (2001)
The two-handed E box binding zinc finger
protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and
induces invasion. Mol Cell 7(6):1267–1278
Mechanisms of MET in Development and Cancer
57
transcriptional control of epithelial gene
expression. J Biol Chem 271(1):595–602.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.1.595
21. Rodrigo I, Cato AC, Cano A (1999) Regulation of E-cadherin gene expression during
tumor progression: the role of a new
Ets-binding site and the E-pal element. Exp
Cell Res 248(2):358–371. https://doi.org/
10.1006/excr.1999.4438
22. Faraldo ML, Rodrigo I, Behrens J,
Birchmeier W, Cano A (1997) Analysis of
the E-cadherin and P-cadherin promoters in
murine keratinocyte cell lines from different
stages of mouse skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 20(1):33–47
23. Batsche E, Muchardt C, Behrens J, Hurst
HC, Cremisi C (1998) RB and c-Myc activate
expression of the E-cadherin gene in epithelial
cells through interaction with transcription
factor
AP-2.
Mol
Cell
Biol
18
(7):3647–3658. https://doi.org/10.1128/
mcb.18.7.3647
24. Schwartz B, Melnikova VO, Tellez C,
Mourad-Zeidan A, Blehm K, Zhao YJ,
McCarty M, Adam L, Bar-Eli M (2007) Loss
of AP-2alpha results in deregulation of
E-cadherin and MMP-9 and an increase in
tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells in vivo.
Oncogene 26(28):4049–4058. https://doi.
org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210193
25. Leask A, Byrne C, Fuchs E (1991) Transcription factor AP2 and its role in epidermalspecific gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 88(18):7948–7952. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.88.18.7948
26. Choi I, Carey TS, Wilson CA, Knott JG
(2012) Transcription factor AP-2gamma is a
core regulator of tight junction biogenesis
and cavity formation during mouse early
embryogenesis.
Development
139
(24):4623–4632. https://doi.org/10.1242/
dev.086645
27. Stemmler MP, Hecht A, Kemler R (2005)
E-cadherin intron 2 contains cis-regulatory
elements essential for gene expression. Development 132(5):965–976. https://doi.org/
10.1242/dev.01662
28. Stemmler MP, Hecht A, Kinzel B, Kemler R
(2003) Analysis of regulatory elements of
E-cadherin with reporter gene constructs in
transgenic mouse embryos. Dev Dyn 227
(2):238–245.
https://doi.org/10.1002/
dvdy.10301
29. Jacobs J, Atkins M, Davie K, Imrichova H,
Romanelli L, Christiaens V, Hulselmans G,
Potier D, Wouters J, Taskiran II, Paciello G,
Gonzalez-Blas CB, Koldere D, Aibar S,
Halder G, Aerts S (2018) The transcription
factor grainy head primes epithelial enhancers
for spatiotemporal activation by displacing
nucleosomes. Nat Genet 50(7):1011–1020.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-0180140-x
30. Giroldi LA, Bringuier PP, de Weijert M,
Jansen C, van Bokhoven A, Schalken JA
(1997) Role of E boxes in the repression of
E-cadherin expression. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 241(2):453–458. https://doi.org/
10.1006/bbrc.1997.7831
31. Batlle E, Sancho E, Franci C, Dominguez D,
Monfar M, Baulida J, Garcia De Herreros A
(2000) The transcription factor snail is a
repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in
epithelial tumour cells. Nat Cell Biol 2
(2):84–89.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
35000034
32. Cano A, Perez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I,
Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG,
Portillo F, Nieto MA (2000) The transcription factor snail controls epithelialmesenchymal transitions by repressing
E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2
(2):76–83.
https://doi.org/10.1038/
35000025
33. Bolos V, Peinado H, Perez-Moreno MA,
Fraga MF, Esteller M, Cano A (2003) The
transcription factor slug represses E-cadherin
expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: a comparison with snail
and E47 repressors. J Cell Sci 116
(Pt 3):499–511
34. Hajra KM, Chen DY, Fearon ER (2002) The
SLUG
zinc-finger
protein
represses
E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res 62
(6):1613–1618
35. Eger A, Aigner K, Sonderegger S, Dampier B,
Oehler S, Schreiber M, Berx G, Cano A,
Beug H, Foisner R (2005) DeltaEF1 is a transcriptional repressor of E-cadherin and regulates epithelial plasticity in breast cancer cells.
Oncogene 24(14):2375–2385. https://doi.
org/10.1038/sj.onc.1208429
36. Grooteclaes ML, Frisch SM (2000) Evidence
for a function of CtBP in epithelial gene regulation
and
anoikis.
Oncogene
19
(33):3823–3828. https://doi.org/10.1038/
sj.onc.1203721
37. Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P,
Verschueren K, van Grunsven L, Bruyneel E,
Mareel M, Huylebroeck D, van Roy F (2001)
The two-handed E box binding zinc finger
protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and
induces invasion. Mol Cell 7(6):1267–1278
Mechanisms of MET in Development and Cancer
57