(10):1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
mod.2004.04.022
6. Smith JL, Schoenwolf GC (1987) Cell cycle
and neuroepithelial cell shape during bending
of the chick neural plate. Anat Rec 218
(2):196–206.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.
1092180215
7. Colas JF, Schoenwolf GC (2001) Towards a
cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation. Dev Dyn 221(2):117–145. https://doi.
org/10.1002/dvdy.1144
8. Nikolopoulou E, Galea GL, Rolo A, Greene
ND, Copp AJ (2017) Neural tube closure:
cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms. Development 144(4):552–566. https://
doi.org/10.1242/dev.145904
9. Saitsu H, Shiota K (2008) Involvement of the
axially condensed tail bud mesenchyme in normal and abnormal human posterior neural tube
development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 48
(1):1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17414520.2007.00178.x
10. Saitsu H, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Ishibashi M,
Shiota K (2004) Development of the posterior
neural tube in human embryos. Anat Embryol
(Berl) 209(2):107–117. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00429-004-0421-2
11. O’Rahilly R, Muller F (2002) The two sites of
fusion of the neural folds and the two neuropores in the human embryo. Teratology 65
(4):162–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.
10007
12. O’Rahilly R, Muller F (1994) Neurulation in
the normal human embryo. Ciba Found Symp
181:70–82; discussion 82–9
13. Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1992) A series of
normal stages in the development of the chick
embryo. 1951. Dev Dyn 195(4):231–272.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001950404
14. Rupp PA, Rongish BJ, Czirok A, Little CD
(2003) Culturing of avian embryos for timelapse imaging. Biotechniques 34(2):274–278.
https://doi.org/10.2144/03342st01
15. Dady A, Havis E, Escriou V, Catala M, Duband
JL (2014) Junctional neurulation: a unique
developmental program shaping a discrete
region of the spinal cord highly susceptible to
neural tube defects. J Neurosci 34
(39):13208–13221.
https://doi.org/10.
1523/JNEUROSCI.1850-14.2014
16. Criley BB (1969) Analysis of embryonic
sources and mechanims of development of posterior levels of chick neural tubes. J Morphol
128(4):465–501. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jmor.1051280406
17. Shum AS, Tang LS, Copp AJ, Roelink H
(2010) Lack of motor neuron differentiation
is an intrinsic property of the mouse secondary
neural tube. Dev Dyn 239(12):3192–3203.
https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22457
18. Schoenwolf GC (1984) Histological and ultrastructural studies of secondary neurulation in
mouse embryos. Am J Anat 169(4):361–376.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001690402
19. Nievelstein RA, Hartwig NG, Vermeij-Keers C,
Valk J (1993) Embryonic development of the
mammalian caudal neural tube. Teratology 48
(1):21–31.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.
1420480106
20. Schoenwolf GC, Delongo J (1980) Ultrastructure of secondary neurulation in the chick
embryo. Am J Anat 158(1):43–63. https://
doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001580106
21. Schoenwolf GC, Kelley RO (1980) Characterization of intercellular junctions in the caudal
portion of the developing neural tube of the
chick embryo. Am J Anat 158(1):29–41.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001580105
22. Shimokita E, Takahashi Y (2011) Secondary
neurulation: fate-mapping and gene manipulation of the neural tube in tail bud. Develop
Growth Differ 53(3):401–410. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2011.01260.x
23. Catala M, Teillet MA, De Robertis EM, Le
Douarin ML (1996) A spinal cord fate map in
the avian embryo: while regressing, Hensen’s
node lays down the notochord and floor plate
thus joining the spinal cord lateral walls. Development 122(9):2599–2610
24. Catala M, Teillet MA, Le Douarin NM (1995)
Organization and development of the tail bud
analyzed with the quail-chick chimaera system.
Mech Dev 51(1):51–65
25. Le Douarin NM, Teillet MA, Catala M (1998)
Neurulation in amniote vertebrates: a novel
view deduced from the use of quail-chick chimeras. Int J Dev Biol 42(7):909–916
26. Le Douarin NM (2001) Early neurogenesis in
Amniote vertebrates. Int J Dev Biol 45
(1):373–378
27. Voiculescu O, Papanayotou C, Stern CD
(2008) Spatially and temporally controlled
electroporation of early chick embryos. Nat
Protoc 3(3):419–426. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nprot.2008.10
28. Hatakeyama J, Shimamura K (2008) Method
for electroporation for the early chick embryo.
Develop Growth Differ 50(6):449–452.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.
2008.01040.x
29. Chapman SC, Collignon J, Schoenwolf GC,
Lumsden A (2001) Improved method for
chick whole-embryo culture using a filter
paper carrier. Dev Dyn 220(3):284–289.
196
Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt et al.
mod.2004.04.022
6. Smith JL, Schoenwolf GC (1987) Cell cycle
and neuroepithelial cell shape during bending
of the chick neural plate. Anat Rec 218
(2):196–206.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.
1092180215
7. Colas JF, Schoenwolf GC (2001) Towards a
cellular and molecular understanding of neurulation. Dev Dyn 221(2):117–145. https://doi.
org/10.1002/dvdy.1144
8. Nikolopoulou E, Galea GL, Rolo A, Greene
ND, Copp AJ (2017) Neural tube closure:
cellular, molecular and biomechanical mechanisms. Development 144(4):552–566. https://
doi.org/10.1242/dev.145904
9. Saitsu H, Shiota K (2008) Involvement of the
axially condensed tail bud mesenchyme in normal and abnormal human posterior neural tube
development. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 48
(1):1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17414520.2007.00178.x
10. Saitsu H, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Ishibashi M,
Shiota K (2004) Development of the posterior
neural tube in human embryos. Anat Embryol
(Berl) 209(2):107–117. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00429-004-0421-2
11. O’Rahilly R, Muller F (2002) The two sites of
fusion of the neural folds and the two neuropores in the human embryo. Teratology 65
(4):162–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.
10007
12. O’Rahilly R, Muller F (1994) Neurulation in
the normal human embryo. Ciba Found Symp
181:70–82; discussion 82–9
13. Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1992) A series of
normal stages in the development of the chick
embryo. 1951. Dev Dyn 195(4):231–272.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001950404
14. Rupp PA, Rongish BJ, Czirok A, Little CD
(2003) Culturing of avian embryos for timelapse imaging. Biotechniques 34(2):274–278.
https://doi.org/10.2144/03342st01
15. Dady A, Havis E, Escriou V, Catala M, Duband
JL (2014) Junctional neurulation: a unique
developmental program shaping a discrete
region of the spinal cord highly susceptible to
neural tube defects. J Neurosci 34
(39):13208–13221.
https://doi.org/10.
1523/JNEUROSCI.1850-14.2014
16. Criley BB (1969) Analysis of embryonic
sources and mechanims of development of posterior levels of chick neural tubes. J Morphol
128(4):465–501. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jmor.1051280406
17. Shum AS, Tang LS, Copp AJ, Roelink H
(2010) Lack of motor neuron differentiation
is an intrinsic property of the mouse secondary
neural tube. Dev Dyn 239(12):3192–3203.
https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.22457
18. Schoenwolf GC (1984) Histological and ultrastructural studies of secondary neurulation in
mouse embryos. Am J Anat 169(4):361–376.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001690402
19. Nievelstein RA, Hartwig NG, Vermeij-Keers C,
Valk J (1993) Embryonic development of the
mammalian caudal neural tube. Teratology 48
(1):21–31.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.
1420480106
20. Schoenwolf GC, Delongo J (1980) Ultrastructure of secondary neurulation in the chick
embryo. Am J Anat 158(1):43–63. https://
doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001580106
21. Schoenwolf GC, Kelley RO (1980) Characterization of intercellular junctions in the caudal
portion of the developing neural tube of the
chick embryo. Am J Anat 158(1):29–41.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001580105
22. Shimokita E, Takahashi Y (2011) Secondary
neurulation: fate-mapping and gene manipulation of the neural tube in tail bud. Develop
Growth Differ 53(3):401–410. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2011.01260.x
23. Catala M, Teillet MA, De Robertis EM, Le
Douarin ML (1996) A spinal cord fate map in
the avian embryo: while regressing, Hensen’s
node lays down the notochord and floor plate
thus joining the spinal cord lateral walls. Development 122(9):2599–2610
24. Catala M, Teillet MA, Le Douarin NM (1995)
Organization and development of the tail bud
analyzed with the quail-chick chimaera system.
Mech Dev 51(1):51–65
25. Le Douarin NM, Teillet MA, Catala M (1998)
Neurulation in amniote vertebrates: a novel
view deduced from the use of quail-chick chimeras. Int J Dev Biol 42(7):909–916
26. Le Douarin NM (2001) Early neurogenesis in
Amniote vertebrates. Int J Dev Biol 45
(1):373–378
27. Voiculescu O, Papanayotou C, Stern CD
(2008) Spatially and temporally controlled
electroporation of early chick embryos. Nat
Protoc 3(3):419–426. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nprot.2008.10
28. Hatakeyama J, Shimamura K (2008) Method
for electroporation for the early chick embryo.
Develop Growth Differ 50(6):449–452.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.
2008.01040.x
29. Chapman SC, Collignon J, Schoenwolf GC,
Lumsden A (2001) Improved method for
chick whole-embryo culture using a filter
paper carrier. Dev Dyn 220(3):284–289.
196
Elena Gonzalez-Gobartt et al.