8 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Embryogenesis Under …
225
Vissers LELM, van Ravenswaaij CMA, Admiraal R, Hurst JA, de Vries BBA, Janssen IM, van
der Vliet WA et al (2004) Mutations in a new member of the chromodomain gene family cause
CHARGE syndrome. Nat Genet 36:955–957
Warkany J, Schrafenberger E (1946) Congenital malformations induced in rats by maternal vitamin
A deficiency; defects of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill. : 1929) 35:150–169
Warner RH, Rosett HL (1975) The effects of drinking on offspring: an historical survey of the
American and British literature. J Stud Alcohol 36:1395–1420
Warren KR (2015) A review of the history of attitudes toward drinking in pregnancy. Alcohol Clin
Exp Res 39:1110–1117
Warren KR, Hewitt BG (2009) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: when science, medicine, public
policy, and laws collide. Dev Disabil Res Rev 15:170–175
Wells PG, Bhatia S, Drake DM, Miller-Pinsler L (2016) Fetal oxidative stress mechanisms of
neurodevelopmental deficits and exacerbation by ethanol and methamphetamine. Birth Defects
Res Part C Embryo Today: Rev 108:108–130
Weston AD, Blumberg B, Underhill TM (2003) Active repression by unliganded retinoid receptors
in development: less is sometimes more. J Cell Biol 161:223–228
White JA, Beckett-Jones B, Guo Y-D, Dilworth FJ, Bonasoro J, Jones G, Petkovich M (1997) cDNA
cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) Identifies a novel family of
cytochromes P450 (CYP26). J Biol Chem 272:18538–18541
White JC, Shankar VN, Highland M, Epstein ML, Deluca HF, Clagett-Dame M (1998) Defects in
embryonic hindbrain development and fetal resorption resulting from vitamin A deficiency in
the rat are prevented by feeding pharmacological levels of all-trans-retinoic acid. Biochemistry
95:13459–13464
Whiting J (1997) Craniofacial abnormalities induced by the ectopic expression of homeobox genes.
Mutat Res 396:97–112
Williams JF, Smith VC, COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE. (2015) Fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders. Pediatrics 136:e1395–e1406
Wilson JG, Warkany J (1948) Malformations in the genito-urinary tract induced by maternal vitamin
A deficiency in the rat. Am J Anat 83:357–407
Wilson JG, Warkany J (1949) Aortic-arch and cardiac anomalies in the offspring of vitamin A
deficient rats. Am J Anat 85:113–155
Wilson JG, Roth CB, Warkany J (1953) An analysis of the syndrome of malformations induced
by maternal vitamin A deficiency. Effects of restoration of vitamin A at various times during
gestation. Am J Anat 92:189–217
Wiseman EM, Bar-El Dadon S, Reifen R (2017) The vicious cycle of vitamin a deficiency: a review.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57:3703–3714
Xi J, Yue J, Yang Z (2015) Expression profiles of retinoic acid synthetases ALDH1As and metabolic
enzymes CYP26s in adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genet Mol Res 14:3948–3956
Yao H, Hill SF, Skidmore JM, Sperry ED, Swiderski DL, Sanchez GJ,. Bartels CF et al (2018)
CHD7 represses the retinoic acid synthesis enzyme ALDH1A3 during inner ear development
3:e97440
Yelin R, Schyr RB-H, Kot H, Zins S, Frumkin A, Pillemer G, Fainsod A (2005) Ethanol exposure
affects gene expression in the embryonic organizer and reduces retinoic acid levels. Dev Biol
279:193–204
Yelin R, Kot H, Yelin D, Fainsod A (2007) Early molecular effects of ethanol during vertebrate
embryogenesis. Differ; Res Biol Divers 75:393–403
Zhong Z, Lemasters JJ (2018) A unifying hypothesis linking hepatic adaptations for ethanol
metabolism to the proinflammatory and profibrotic events of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 42:2072–2089
225
Vissers LELM, van Ravenswaaij CMA, Admiraal R, Hurst JA, de Vries BBA, Janssen IM, van
der Vliet WA et al (2004) Mutations in a new member of the chromodomain gene family cause
CHARGE syndrome. Nat Genet 36:955–957
Warkany J, Schrafenberger E (1946) Congenital malformations induced in rats by maternal vitamin
A deficiency; defects of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill. : 1929) 35:150–169
Warner RH, Rosett HL (1975) The effects of drinking on offspring: an historical survey of the
American and British literature. J Stud Alcohol 36:1395–1420
Warren KR (2015) A review of the history of attitudes toward drinking in pregnancy. Alcohol Clin
Exp Res 39:1110–1117
Warren KR, Hewitt BG (2009) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: when science, medicine, public
policy, and laws collide. Dev Disabil Res Rev 15:170–175
Wells PG, Bhatia S, Drake DM, Miller-Pinsler L (2016) Fetal oxidative stress mechanisms of
neurodevelopmental deficits and exacerbation by ethanol and methamphetamine. Birth Defects
Res Part C Embryo Today: Rev 108:108–130
Weston AD, Blumberg B, Underhill TM (2003) Active repression by unliganded retinoid receptors
in development: less is sometimes more. J Cell Biol 161:223–228
White JA, Beckett-Jones B, Guo Y-D, Dilworth FJ, Bonasoro J, Jones G, Petkovich M (1997) cDNA
cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) Identifies a novel family of
cytochromes P450 (CYP26). J Biol Chem 272:18538–18541
White JC, Shankar VN, Highland M, Epstein ML, Deluca HF, Clagett-Dame M (1998) Defects in
embryonic hindbrain development and fetal resorption resulting from vitamin A deficiency in
the rat are prevented by feeding pharmacological levels of all-trans-retinoic acid. Biochemistry
95:13459–13464
Whiting J (1997) Craniofacial abnormalities induced by the ectopic expression of homeobox genes.
Mutat Res 396:97–112
Williams JF, Smith VC, COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE. (2015) Fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders. Pediatrics 136:e1395–e1406
Wilson JG, Warkany J (1948) Malformations in the genito-urinary tract induced by maternal vitamin
A deficiency in the rat. Am J Anat 83:357–407
Wilson JG, Warkany J (1949) Aortic-arch and cardiac anomalies in the offspring of vitamin A
deficient rats. Am J Anat 85:113–155
Wilson JG, Roth CB, Warkany J (1953) An analysis of the syndrome of malformations induced
by maternal vitamin A deficiency. Effects of restoration of vitamin A at various times during
gestation. Am J Anat 92:189–217
Wiseman EM, Bar-El Dadon S, Reifen R (2017) The vicious cycle of vitamin a deficiency: a review.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57:3703–3714
Xi J, Yue J, Yang Z (2015) Expression profiles of retinoic acid synthetases ALDH1As and metabolic
enzymes CYP26s in adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genet Mol Res 14:3948–3956
Yao H, Hill SF, Skidmore JM, Sperry ED, Swiderski DL, Sanchez GJ,. Bartels CF et al (2018)
CHD7 represses the retinoic acid synthesis enzyme ALDH1A3 during inner ear development
3:e97440
Yelin R, Schyr RB-H, Kot H, Zins S, Frumkin A, Pillemer G, Fainsod A (2005) Ethanol exposure
affects gene expression in the embryonic organizer and reduces retinoic acid levels. Dev Biol
279:193–204
Yelin R, Kot H, Yelin D, Fainsod A (2007) Early molecular effects of ethanol during vertebrate
embryogenesis. Differ; Res Biol Divers 75:393–403
Zhong Z, Lemasters JJ (2018) A unifying hypothesis linking hepatic adaptations for ethanol
metabolism to the proinflammatory and profibrotic events of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 42:2072–2089