146
E. Perl and J. S. Waxman
Rhinn M, Schuhbaur B, Niederreither K, Dolle P (2011) Involvement of retinol dehydrogenase 10
in embryonic patterning and rescue of its loss of function by maternal retinaldehyde treatment.
Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:16687–16692. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103877108
Rizzo R, Lammer EJ, Parano E, Pavone L, Argyle JC (1991) Limb reduction defects in humans
associated with prenatal isotretinoin exposure. Teratology. 44:599–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/
tera.1420440602
Roberts C, Ivins S, Cook AC, Baldini A, Scambler PJ (2006) Cyp26 genes a1, b1 and c1 are downregulated in Tbx1 null mice and inhibition of Cyp26 enzyme function produces a phenocopy of
DiGeorge Syndrome in the chick. Hum Mol Genet 15:3394–3410. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/
ddl416
Roberts C, Ivins SM, James CT, Scambler PJ (2005) Retinoic acid down-regulatesTbx1 expression
in vivo and in vitro. Dev Dyn 232:928–938. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20268
Romeih M, Cui J, Michaille J-J, Jiang W, Zile MH (2003) Function of RARgamma and RARalpha2
at the initiation of retinoid signaling is essential for avian embryo survival and for distinct events
in cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 228:697–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.10419
Rudnicki MA, McBurney MW. Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells: A practical approach.
Oxford, Washington, D.C., USA
Ruiz A, Mark M, Jacobs H, Klopfenstein M, Hu J, Lloyd M, Habib S, Tosha C, Radu RA, Ghyselinck
NB, Nusinowitz S, Bok D (2012) Retinoid content, visual responses, and ocular morphology are
compromised in the retinas of mice lacking the retinol-binding protein receptor, STRA6. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:3027–39. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-8476
Ryckebüsch L, Bertrand N, Mesbah K, Bajolle F, Niederreither K, Kelly RG, Zaffran S (2010)
Decreased levels of embryonic retinoic acid synthesis accelerate recovery from arterial growth
delay in a mouse model of DiGeorge syndrome. Circ Res 106:686–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/
CIRCRESAHA.109.205732
Ryckebusch L, Wang Z, Bertrand N, Lin S-C, Chi X, Schwartz R, Zaffran S, Niederreither K
(2008) Retinoic acid deficiency alters second heart field formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
105:2913–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712344105
Rydeen AB, Waxman JS (2016) Cyp26 Enzymes Facilitate Second Heart Field Progenitor Addition
and Maintenance of Ventricular Integrity. PLoS Biol 14:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pbio.2000504
Rydeen AB, Waxman JS (2014) Cyp26 enzymes are required to balance the cardiac and vascular
lineages within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. Development. 141:1638–48. https://doi.org/
10.1242/dev.105874
Sakabe M, Kokubo H, Nakajima Y, Saga Y (2012) Ectopic retinoic acid signaling affects outflow tract cushion development through suppression of the myocardial Tbx2-Tgf 2 pathway.
Development. 139:385–395. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.067058
Sakai Y, Meno C, Fujii H, Nishino J, Shiratori H, Saijoh Y, Rossant J, Hamada H (2001) The retinoic
acid-inactivating enzyme CYP26 is essential for establishing an uneven distribution of retinoic
acid along the anterior-posterior axis within the mouse embryo. Genes Dev 15:213–25
Samarut E, Fraher D, Gibert Y (2015) ZebRA: An overview of retinoic acid signaling during
zebrafish development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech. 1849:73–83. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.BBAGRM.2014.05.030
Sandell LL, Lynn ML, Inman KE, McDowell W, Trainor PA (2012) RDH10 Oxidation of Vitamin
A Is a Critical Control Step in Synthesis of Retinoic Acid during Mouse Embryogenesis. PLoS
ONE 7:e30698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030698
Sandell LL, Sanderson BW, Moiseyev G, Johnson T, Mushegian A, Young K, Rey J-P, Ma J -x.,
Staehling-Hampton K, Trainor PA (2007) RDH10 is essential for synthesis of embryonic retinoic
acid and is required for limb, craniofacial, and organ development. Genes Dev. 21:1113–1124.
https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1533407
Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC (2016) Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of
endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development. 143:1242–58. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.111591
E. Perl and J. S. Waxman
Rhinn M, Schuhbaur B, Niederreither K, Dolle P (2011) Involvement of retinol dehydrogenase 10
in embryonic patterning and rescue of its loss of function by maternal retinaldehyde treatment.
Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:16687–16692. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1103877108
Rizzo R, Lammer EJ, Parano E, Pavone L, Argyle JC (1991) Limb reduction defects in humans
associated with prenatal isotretinoin exposure. Teratology. 44:599–604. https://doi.org/10.1002/
tera.1420440602
Roberts C, Ivins S, Cook AC, Baldini A, Scambler PJ (2006) Cyp26 genes a1, b1 and c1 are downregulated in Tbx1 null mice and inhibition of Cyp26 enzyme function produces a phenocopy of
DiGeorge Syndrome in the chick. Hum Mol Genet 15:3394–3410. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/
ddl416
Roberts C, Ivins SM, James CT, Scambler PJ (2005) Retinoic acid down-regulatesTbx1 expression
in vivo and in vitro. Dev Dyn 232:928–938. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.20268
Romeih M, Cui J, Michaille J-J, Jiang W, Zile MH (2003) Function of RARgamma and RARalpha2
at the initiation of retinoid signaling is essential for avian embryo survival and for distinct events
in cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 228:697–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.10419
Rudnicki MA, McBurney MW. Teratocarcinomas and embryonic stem cells: A practical approach.
Oxford, Washington, D.C., USA
Ruiz A, Mark M, Jacobs H, Klopfenstein M, Hu J, Lloyd M, Habib S, Tosha C, Radu RA, Ghyselinck
NB, Nusinowitz S, Bok D (2012) Retinoid content, visual responses, and ocular morphology are
compromised in the retinas of mice lacking the retinol-binding protein receptor, STRA6. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:3027–39. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-8476
Ryckebüsch L, Bertrand N, Mesbah K, Bajolle F, Niederreither K, Kelly RG, Zaffran S (2010)
Decreased levels of embryonic retinoic acid synthesis accelerate recovery from arterial growth
delay in a mouse model of DiGeorge syndrome. Circ Res 106:686–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/
CIRCRESAHA.109.205732
Ryckebusch L, Wang Z, Bertrand N, Lin S-C, Chi X, Schwartz R, Zaffran S, Niederreither K
(2008) Retinoic acid deficiency alters second heart field formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
105:2913–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712344105
Rydeen AB, Waxman JS (2016) Cyp26 Enzymes Facilitate Second Heart Field Progenitor Addition
and Maintenance of Ventricular Integrity. PLoS Biol 14:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pbio.2000504
Rydeen AB, Waxman JS (2014) Cyp26 enzymes are required to balance the cardiac and vascular
lineages within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. Development. 141:1638–48. https://doi.org/
10.1242/dev.105874
Sakabe M, Kokubo H, Nakajima Y, Saga Y (2012) Ectopic retinoic acid signaling affects outflow tract cushion development through suppression of the myocardial Tbx2-Tgf 2 pathway.
Development. 139:385–395. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.067058
Sakai Y, Meno C, Fujii H, Nishino J, Shiratori H, Saijoh Y, Rossant J, Hamada H (2001) The retinoic
acid-inactivating enzyme CYP26 is essential for establishing an uneven distribution of retinoic
acid along the anterior-posterior axis within the mouse embryo. Genes Dev 15:213–25
Samarut E, Fraher D, Gibert Y (2015) ZebRA: An overview of retinoic acid signaling during
zebrafish development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech. 1849:73–83. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.BBAGRM.2014.05.030
Sandell LL, Lynn ML, Inman KE, McDowell W, Trainor PA (2012) RDH10 Oxidation of Vitamin
A Is a Critical Control Step in Synthesis of Retinoic Acid during Mouse Embryogenesis. PLoS
ONE 7:e30698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030698
Sandell LL, Sanderson BW, Moiseyev G, Johnson T, Mushegian A, Young K, Rey J-P, Ma J -x.,
Staehling-Hampton K, Trainor PA (2007) RDH10 is essential for synthesis of embryonic retinoic
acid and is required for limb, craniofacial, and organ development. Genes Dev. 21:1113–1124.
https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1533407
Santini MP, Forte E, Harvey RP, Kovacic JC (2016) Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of
endogenous cardiac stem cells. Development. 143:1242–58. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.111591