develop this compound from the various microbial sources [54]. Microbial sources like
Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E,
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, and recombinant strain of Escherichia coli
produce an increased amount of succinic acid under suitable environmental conditions
[53]. Succinic acid is produced as the intermediary product of tricarboxylic acid and
produced as the final product as a result of fermentation when glucose or glycerol is
consumed. Numerous microbial sources convert phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate
which in turn could produce succinic acid. The production could be enhanced by
following these methods alike enhancing substrate concentration, projecting the pathways for direct succinic acid production, to delete the gene corresponding to produce
by-product inhibitors [55]. Succinic acid could be extensively used as solvents, plasticizers, lubricants, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, sealants, and coating in numerous industries [54] and its consumption is shown in Table 5.
6.2 Gluconic Acid
Gluconic acid or penta-hydroxycaproic acid is a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid and is
a natural compound that is found in most of the humans and other animals. It is
composed of carbonic acid entities that could be used in the textile, food, beverage,
pharmaceutical, feed, and construction industries. Due to the high demand, the cost
of gluconic acid and their derivatives are too high of about US$ 1.20–8.50/kg
[56]. The agricultural residues rich in carbohydrate sources like grape, banana, and
sugarcane molasses produce a maximum yield of about 95.8% gluconic acid.
Microbial source like Aspergillus niger with glucose as the substrate produces the
maximum yield of 98% gluconic acid [57]. Other microbial sources include Penicillium fungi, Gluconobacter oxydans, and bacterial strains like Acetobacter
diazotrophicus and Zymomonas mobilis are also identified to produce gluconic
acids [58]. Fermentation industries have improvised the methodology of production
to maximize the yield. Altering the microbial source with the appropriate conditions
in both submerged and solid-state fermentation with high-energy utilization,
Table 4 Agricultural residues as the feedstocks in the production of itaconic acid
Feedstock Microbial source
Method of
production
Yield
(g g
À1
)
Itaconic acid
production
(g L
À1
)
References
Potato
starch
waste
Aspergillus terreus
Fermentation 0.41
29.69
[49]
Wheat
chaff
Aspergillus terreus
Fermentation 0.41
27.7
[50]
Corn
stover
Aspergillus terreus AT-90 Fermentation 0.13
26.46
[51]
Sweet
potato
peel
Aspergillus niger and
Aspergillus terreus ATCC
20542
Fermentation 0.75
115.67
[52]
Recent Advances in Organic Acid Production from Microbial Sources by Utilizing. . .
77
Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E,
Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens, and recombinant strain of Escherichia coli
produce an increased amount of succinic acid under suitable environmental conditions
[53]. Succinic acid is produced as the intermediary product of tricarboxylic acid and
produced as the final product as a result of fermentation when glucose or glycerol is
consumed. Numerous microbial sources convert phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate
which in turn could produce succinic acid. The production could be enhanced by
following these methods alike enhancing substrate concentration, projecting the pathways for direct succinic acid production, to delete the gene corresponding to produce
by-product inhibitors [55]. Succinic acid could be extensively used as solvents, plasticizers, lubricants, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, sealants, and coating in numerous industries [54] and its consumption is shown in Table 5.
6.2 Gluconic Acid
Gluconic acid or penta-hydroxycaproic acid is a polyhydroxy carboxylic acid and is
a natural compound that is found in most of the humans and other animals. It is
composed of carbonic acid entities that could be used in the textile, food, beverage,
pharmaceutical, feed, and construction industries. Due to the high demand, the cost
of gluconic acid and their derivatives are too high of about US$ 1.20–8.50/kg
[56]. The agricultural residues rich in carbohydrate sources like grape, banana, and
sugarcane molasses produce a maximum yield of about 95.8% gluconic acid.
Microbial source like Aspergillus niger with glucose as the substrate produces the
maximum yield of 98% gluconic acid [57]. Other microbial sources include Penicillium fungi, Gluconobacter oxydans, and bacterial strains like Acetobacter
diazotrophicus and Zymomonas mobilis are also identified to produce gluconic
acids [58]. Fermentation industries have improvised the methodology of production
to maximize the yield. Altering the microbial source with the appropriate conditions
in both submerged and solid-state fermentation with high-energy utilization,
Table 4 Agricultural residues as the feedstocks in the production of itaconic acid
Feedstock Microbial source
Method of
production
Yield
(g g
À1
)
Itaconic acid
production
(g L
À1
)
References
Potato
starch
waste
Aspergillus terreus
Fermentation 0.41
29.69
[49]
Wheat
chaff
Aspergillus terreus
Fermentation 0.41
27.7
[50]
Corn
stover
Aspergillus terreus AT-90 Fermentation 0.13
26.46
[51]
Sweet
potato
peel
Aspergillus niger and
Aspergillus terreus ATCC
20542
Fermentation 0.75
115.67
[52]
Recent Advances in Organic Acid Production from Microbial Sources by Utilizing. . .
77