5 Itaconic Acid
Itaconic acid or methylene succinic acid is composed of one carboxyl group conjugated with the additional methylene entities. Itaconic acids are extensively used in
the numerous applications as adhesives and plastic coatings, and their sulfonated
entities are widely applied to prepare various detergents and shampoos [46].
5.1 Production of Itaconic Acid
Filamentous fungi mainly Aspergillus is used as the microbial source to produce
itaconic acid. The microbial sources like Aspergillus terreus could produce itaconic
acid in bioreactors which are inhibited in the presence of numerous metal concentrations. Candida and Rhodotorula species in the presence of phosphate could yield
about 35% itaconic acid under appropriate conditions. Pseudozyma antarctica
NRRL Y-7808 uses glucose as the substrate in the presence of nitrogen and produces
itaconic acid under appropriate conditions. Ustilago maydis have synthesized the
highest amount of about 68.36 g/L of itaconic acids under appropriate growth
conditions [47]. Though Aspergillus terreus could produce itaconic acids through
the tricarboxylic acid cycle with cis-aconitate decarboxylation, due to the high
viscous nature oxygen and the mass of filamentous fungi, the production decreases
which results in the synthesis of improvised genetically modified strain [48].
5.2 Biochemical Synthesis of Itaconic Acid
Itaconic acid is synthesized from the glucose molecule via the glycolysis pathway
that results in the pyruvate production. One part of carbon dioxide released is
coupled with acetyl-coA which results in the formation of compounds like citrate
and cis-aconitate. The other part of carbon dioxide is synchronized with oxaloacetate
where itaconic acid is produced from aconitate decarboxylase. Itaconic acid is
formed as the intermediary products from enzymatic fractionalizations [47].
Table 4 represents the various agricultural sources used for the production of itaconic
acid.
6 Other Acids
6.1 Succinic Acid Production
Succinic acid or butanedioic acid with dicarboxylic acid entities is produced from both
the microbial sources and the chemical precursors like succinate salts, N-methyl
pyrrolidinone, adipic acid, 2-pyrrolidinone, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol
[53]. The current market production of succinic acid is found to be 30–50 kton/year
produced from petrochemical precursors through maleic anhydride. So industries tried to
76
D. Vishnu et al.
Itaconic acid or methylene succinic acid is composed of one carboxyl group conjugated with the additional methylene entities. Itaconic acids are extensively used in
the numerous applications as adhesives and plastic coatings, and their sulfonated
entities are widely applied to prepare various detergents and shampoos [46].
5.1 Production of Itaconic Acid
Filamentous fungi mainly Aspergillus is used as the microbial source to produce
itaconic acid. The microbial sources like Aspergillus terreus could produce itaconic
acid in bioreactors which are inhibited in the presence of numerous metal concentrations. Candida and Rhodotorula species in the presence of phosphate could yield
about 35% itaconic acid under appropriate conditions. Pseudozyma antarctica
NRRL Y-7808 uses glucose as the substrate in the presence of nitrogen and produces
itaconic acid under appropriate conditions. Ustilago maydis have synthesized the
highest amount of about 68.36 g/L of itaconic acids under appropriate growth
conditions [47]. Though Aspergillus terreus could produce itaconic acids through
the tricarboxylic acid cycle with cis-aconitate decarboxylation, due to the high
viscous nature oxygen and the mass of filamentous fungi, the production decreases
which results in the synthesis of improvised genetically modified strain [48].
5.2 Biochemical Synthesis of Itaconic Acid
Itaconic acid is synthesized from the glucose molecule via the glycolysis pathway
that results in the pyruvate production. One part of carbon dioxide released is
coupled with acetyl-coA which results in the formation of compounds like citrate
and cis-aconitate. The other part of carbon dioxide is synchronized with oxaloacetate
where itaconic acid is produced from aconitate decarboxylase. Itaconic acid is
formed as the intermediary products from enzymatic fractionalizations [47].
Table 4 represents the various agricultural sources used for the production of itaconic
acid.
6 Other Acids
6.1 Succinic Acid Production
Succinic acid or butanedioic acid with dicarboxylic acid entities is produced from both
the microbial sources and the chemical precursors like succinate salts, N-methyl
pyrrolidinone, adipic acid, 2-pyrrolidinone, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol
[53]. The current market production of succinic acid is found to be 30–50 kton/year
produced from petrochemical precursors through maleic anhydride. So industries tried to
76
D. Vishnu et al.