66. Ilyas S, Ruan C, Bhatti HN, Ghauri MA, Anwar MA (2010) Column bioleaching of metals from
electronic scrap. Hydrometallurgy 101(3–4):135–140
67. Shojaosadati SA, Babaeipour V (2002) Citric acid production from apple pomace in multi-layer
packed bed solid-state bioreactor. Process Biochem 37(8):909–914
68. Giaveno A, Lavalle L, Patricia C, Donati E (2007) Airlift reactors: characterization and
applications in biohydrometallurgy. In: Microbial Processing of Metal Sulfides. Springer,
Berlin, pp 169–191
69. Hubau A, Minier M, Chagnes A, Joulian C, Perez C, Guezennec AG (2018) Continuous
production of a biogenic ferric iron lixiviant for the bioleaching of printed circuit boards
(PCBs). Hydrometallurgy 180(July):180–191
70. Mendoza-Martínez AM, Escamilla-Silva EM (2013) Airlift bioreactors: hydrodynamics and
rheology application to secondary metabolites production. In: Nakajima H (ed) Mass transferadvances in sustainable energy and environment oriented numerical modeling. InTech, Rijeka,
pp 387–429
71. Chisti Y (1998) Pneumatically agitated bioreactors in industrial and environmental
bioprocessing: hydrodynamics, hydraulics, and transport phenomena. Appl Mech Rev 51
(1):33–112
72. Merchuk JC (1986) Gas hold-up and liquid velocity in a two-dimensional air lift reactor. Chem
Eng Sci 41(1):11–16
73. Siegel MH, Hallaile M, Merchuk J (1988) Air-lift reactors: design, operation, and applications.
Upstream Process Equip Tech 79(124):301–312
74. Couillard D, Mercier G (1991) Optimum residence time (in CSTR and airlift reactor) for
bacterial leaching of metals from anaerobic sewage sludge. Water Res 25(2):211–218
75. Tyagi RD, Tran FT, Agbebavi TJ (1990) Mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic digestion of
municipal sludge in an airlift U-shape bioreactor. Biol Wastes 31(4):251–266
76. Chen SY, Lin JG (2004) Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in an air-lift bioreactor: effects of sulfur concentration. Water
Res 38(14–15):3205–3214
77. Mousavi SM, Vossoughi M, Yaghmaei S, Jafari A (2006) Copper recovery from chalcopyrite
concentrate by an indigenous acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in an air-lift bioreactor. Iran J Chem
Chem Eng 25(3):21–26
78. Schugerl K, Lubbert A (1995) Pneumatically driven bioreactors. In: Asenjo JA, Merchuk JC
(eds) Bioreactor system design. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 257–303
79. Merchuk JC, Siege MH (1988) Air-lift reactors in chemical and biological technology. J Chem
Technol Biotechnol 41(2):105–120
80. Chisti Y, Moo-Young M (1991) Comments on the communication: on the calculation of shear
rate and apparent viscosity in airlift and bubble column bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 38
(2):212–216
81. Merchuk JC (1990) Why use air-lift bioreactors? Trends Biotechnol 8(C):66–71
82. Merchuk JC, Ben-Zvi S, Niranjan K (1994) Why use bubble-column bioreactors? Trends
Biotechnol 12(12):501–511
83. Merchuk JC, Berzin I (1995) Distribution of energy dissipation in airlift reactors. Chem Eng Sci
50(14):2225–2233
84. Contreras A, García F, Molinaa E, Merchuk JC (1999) Influence of sparger on energy
dissipation, shear rate, and mass transfer to sea water in a concentric-tube airlift bioreactor.
Enzyme Microb Technol 25(10):820–830
85. Ruitenberg R, Schultz CE, Buisman CJN (2001) Bio-oxidation of minerals in air-lift loop
bioreactors. Int J Miner Process 62(1–4):271–278
86. Siegel MH, Robinson CW (1992) Application of airlift gas-liquid-solid reactors in biotechnology. Chem Eng Sci 47(13–14):3215–3229
44
M. Minimol et al.
electronic scrap. Hydrometallurgy 101(3–4):135–140
67. Shojaosadati SA, Babaeipour V (2002) Citric acid production from apple pomace in multi-layer
packed bed solid-state bioreactor. Process Biochem 37(8):909–914
68. Giaveno A, Lavalle L, Patricia C, Donati E (2007) Airlift reactors: characterization and
applications in biohydrometallurgy. In: Microbial Processing of Metal Sulfides. Springer,
Berlin, pp 169–191
69. Hubau A, Minier M, Chagnes A, Joulian C, Perez C, Guezennec AG (2018) Continuous
production of a biogenic ferric iron lixiviant for the bioleaching of printed circuit boards
(PCBs). Hydrometallurgy 180(July):180–191
70. Mendoza-Martínez AM, Escamilla-Silva EM (2013) Airlift bioreactors: hydrodynamics and
rheology application to secondary metabolites production. In: Nakajima H (ed) Mass transferadvances in sustainable energy and environment oriented numerical modeling. InTech, Rijeka,
pp 387–429
71. Chisti Y (1998) Pneumatically agitated bioreactors in industrial and environmental
bioprocessing: hydrodynamics, hydraulics, and transport phenomena. Appl Mech Rev 51
(1):33–112
72. Merchuk JC (1986) Gas hold-up and liquid velocity in a two-dimensional air lift reactor. Chem
Eng Sci 41(1):11–16
73. Siegel MH, Hallaile M, Merchuk J (1988) Air-lift reactors: design, operation, and applications.
Upstream Process Equip Tech 79(124):301–312
74. Couillard D, Mercier G (1991) Optimum residence time (in CSTR and airlift reactor) for
bacterial leaching of metals from anaerobic sewage sludge. Water Res 25(2):211–218
75. Tyagi RD, Tran FT, Agbebavi TJ (1990) Mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic digestion of
municipal sludge in an airlift U-shape bioreactor. Biol Wastes 31(4):251–266
76. Chen SY, Lin JG (2004) Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediment by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in an air-lift bioreactor: effects of sulfur concentration. Water
Res 38(14–15):3205–3214
77. Mousavi SM, Vossoughi M, Yaghmaei S, Jafari A (2006) Copper recovery from chalcopyrite
concentrate by an indigenous acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in an air-lift bioreactor. Iran J Chem
Chem Eng 25(3):21–26
78. Schugerl K, Lubbert A (1995) Pneumatically driven bioreactors. In: Asenjo JA, Merchuk JC
(eds) Bioreactor system design. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 257–303
79. Merchuk JC, Siege MH (1988) Air-lift reactors in chemical and biological technology. J Chem
Technol Biotechnol 41(2):105–120
80. Chisti Y, Moo-Young M (1991) Comments on the communication: on the calculation of shear
rate and apparent viscosity in airlift and bubble column bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 38
(2):212–216
81. Merchuk JC (1990) Why use air-lift bioreactors? Trends Biotechnol 8(C):66–71
82. Merchuk JC, Ben-Zvi S, Niranjan K (1994) Why use bubble-column bioreactors? Trends
Biotechnol 12(12):501–511
83. Merchuk JC, Berzin I (1995) Distribution of energy dissipation in airlift reactors. Chem Eng Sci
50(14):2225–2233
84. Contreras A, García F, Molinaa E, Merchuk JC (1999) Influence of sparger on energy
dissipation, shear rate, and mass transfer to sea water in a concentric-tube airlift bioreactor.
Enzyme Microb Technol 25(10):820–830
85. Ruitenberg R, Schultz CE, Buisman CJN (2001) Bio-oxidation of minerals in air-lift loop
bioreactors. Int J Miner Process 62(1–4):271–278
86. Siegel MH, Robinson CW (1992) Application of airlift gas-liquid-solid reactors in biotechnology. Chem Eng Sci 47(13–14):3215–3229
44
M. Minimol et al.