155
Strezov, V., Evans, T. J., & Hayman, C. (2008). Thermal conversion of elephant grass (Pennisetum
Purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresource Technology, 99(17),
8394–8399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.039.
Sukiran, M. A., Bakar, N. K. A., & Chin, C. M. (2009). Optimization of pyrolysis of oil palm
empty fruit bunches. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 21, 653–658. http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/
eprint/6259.
Suntivarakorn, R., Treedet, W., Singbua, P., & Teeramaetawat, N. (2018). Fast pyrolysis from Napier
grass for pyrolysis oil production by using circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor: Improvement of
pyrolysis system and production cost. Energy Reports, 4, 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
egyr.2018.08.004.
Vanderghem, C., Richel, A., Jacquet, N., Blecker, C., & Paquot, M. (2011). Impact of formic/
acetic acid and ammonia pre-treatments on chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of Miscanthus x giganteus lignins. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(10), 1761–1770.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.022.
Vila, C., Santos, V., & Parajó, J. C. (2014). Manufacture of microcrystalline cellulose from
Eucalyptus globuluswood using an environmentally friendly biorefinery method. Journal of
Wood Chemistry and Technology, 34(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2013.804090.
Villaverde, J. J., Ligero, P., & Vega, A. (2015). Fractionation of Miscanthus x giganteus via modification of the Formacell process. Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 275–281. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.08.066.
Wang, H., & Chen, H. Z. (2007). A novel method of utilizing the biomass resource: Rapid liquefaction of wheat straw and preparation of biodegradable polyurethane foam (PUF). Journal
of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 38(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jcice.2006.10.004.
Wang, D., Portis, A. R., Moose, S. P., & Long, S. P. (2008). Cool C 4 Photosynthesis: Pyruvate P i
Dikinase expression and activity corresponds to the exceptional cold tolerance of carbon assimilation in Miscanthus x giganteus. Plant Physiology, 148, 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1104/
pp.108.120709.
Wang, Y., Wang, H., Lin, H., Zheng, Y., Zhao, J., Pelletier, A., & Li, K. (2013). Effects of solvents and catalysts in liquefaction of pinewood sawdust for the production of bio-oils. Biomass
Bioenerg, 59, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.10.022.
Wang, W., Xu, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, B., Tian, W., & Zhang, J. (2018a). Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae over transition metal supported TiO 2 catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 250,
474–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.051.
Wang, Y., Zeng, Z., Tian, X., Dai, L., Jiang, S., Zhang, S., Wu, Q., Wen, P., Fu, G., Liu, Y., &
Ruan, R. (2018b). Production of bio-oil from agricultural waste by using a continuous fast
microwave pyrolysis system. Bioresource Technology, 269, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2018.08.067.
Wen, J. L., Sun, S. N., Yuan, T. Q., Xu, F., & Sun, R. C. (2013). Fractionation of bamboo culms
by autohydrolysis, organosolv delignification and extended delignification: Understanding the
fundamental chemistry of the lignin during the integrated process. Bioresource Technology,
150, 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.015.
Xiao, R., & Yang, W. (2013). Influence of temperature on organic structure of biomass pyrolysis
products. Renewable Energy, 50, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.028.
Xu, C., & Etcheverry, T. (2008). Hydro-liquefaction of woody biomass in sub- and supercritical ethanol with iron-based catalysts. Fuel, 87(3), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fuel.2007.05.013.
Xu, F., Liu, C. F., Geng, Z. C., Sun, J. X., Sun, R. C., Hei, B. H., Lin, L., Wu, S. B., & Je, j. (2006).
Characterisation of degraded organosolv hemicelluloses from wheat straw. Polymer Degradation
and Stability, 91(8), 1880–1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.002.
Xu, J., Jiang, J., Hse, C. Y., & Shupe, T. F. (2014). Preparation of polyurethane foams using fractionated products in liquefied wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(7), 1–7. https://
doi.org/10.1002/app.40096.
7 Synthesis of Biobased Polyurethane Foams From Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Strezov, V., Evans, T. J., & Hayman, C. (2008). Thermal conversion of elephant grass (Pennisetum
Purpureum Schum) to bio-gas, bio-oil and charcoal. Bioresource Technology, 99(17),
8394–8399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.039.
Sukiran, M. A., Bakar, N. K. A., & Chin, C. M. (2009). Optimization of pyrolysis of oil palm
empty fruit bunches. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 21, 653–658. http://eprints.um.edu.my/id/
eprint/6259.
Suntivarakorn, R., Treedet, W., Singbua, P., & Teeramaetawat, N. (2018). Fast pyrolysis from Napier
grass for pyrolysis oil production by using circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor: Improvement of
pyrolysis system and production cost. Energy Reports, 4, 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
egyr.2018.08.004.
Vanderghem, C., Richel, A., Jacquet, N., Blecker, C., & Paquot, M. (2011). Impact of formic/
acetic acid and ammonia pre-treatments on chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of Miscanthus x giganteus lignins. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(10), 1761–1770.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.07.022.
Vila, C., Santos, V., & Parajó, J. C. (2014). Manufacture of microcrystalline cellulose from
Eucalyptus globuluswood using an environmentally friendly biorefinery method. Journal of
Wood Chemistry and Technology, 34(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2013.804090.
Villaverde, J. J., Ligero, P., & Vega, A. (2015). Fractionation of Miscanthus x giganteus via modification of the Formacell process. Industrial Crops and Products, 77, 275–281. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.08.066.
Wang, H., & Chen, H. Z. (2007). A novel method of utilizing the biomass resource: Rapid liquefaction of wheat straw and preparation of biodegradable polyurethane foam (PUF). Journal
of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 38(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jcice.2006.10.004.
Wang, D., Portis, A. R., Moose, S. P., & Long, S. P. (2008). Cool C 4 Photosynthesis: Pyruvate P i
Dikinase expression and activity corresponds to the exceptional cold tolerance of carbon assimilation in Miscanthus x giganteus. Plant Physiology, 148, 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1104/
pp.108.120709.
Wang, Y., Wang, H., Lin, H., Zheng, Y., Zhao, J., Pelletier, A., & Li, K. (2013). Effects of solvents and catalysts in liquefaction of pinewood sawdust for the production of bio-oils. Biomass
Bioenerg, 59, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.10.022.
Wang, W., Xu, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, B., Tian, W., & Zhang, J. (2018a). Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae over transition metal supported TiO 2 catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 250,
474–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.051.
Wang, Y., Zeng, Z., Tian, X., Dai, L., Jiang, S., Zhang, S., Wu, Q., Wen, P., Fu, G., Liu, Y., &
Ruan, R. (2018b). Production of bio-oil from agricultural waste by using a continuous fast
microwave pyrolysis system. Bioresource Technology, 269, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2018.08.067.
Wen, J. L., Sun, S. N., Yuan, T. Q., Xu, F., & Sun, R. C. (2013). Fractionation of bamboo culms
by autohydrolysis, organosolv delignification and extended delignification: Understanding the
fundamental chemistry of the lignin during the integrated process. Bioresource Technology,
150, 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.015.
Xiao, R., & Yang, W. (2013). Influence of temperature on organic structure of biomass pyrolysis
products. Renewable Energy, 50, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.028.
Xu, C., & Etcheverry, T. (2008). Hydro-liquefaction of woody biomass in sub- and supercritical ethanol with iron-based catalysts. Fuel, 87(3), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fuel.2007.05.013.
Xu, F., Liu, C. F., Geng, Z. C., Sun, J. X., Sun, R. C., Hei, B. H., Lin, L., Wu, S. B., & Je, j. (2006).
Characterisation of degraded organosolv hemicelluloses from wheat straw. Polymer Degradation
and Stability, 91(8), 1880–1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.11.002.
Xu, J., Jiang, J., Hse, C. Y., & Shupe, T. F. (2014). Preparation of polyurethane foams using fractionated products in liquefied wood. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(7), 1–7. https://
doi.org/10.1002/app.40096.
7 Synthesis of Biobased Polyurethane Foams From Agricultural and Forestry Wastes