139
organic phase consisting of large amounts of ketones, and aromatic and heterocyclic
compounds, can be used as fuel directly or upgraded to high grade fuels (Fan et al.
2017; Leng et al. 2018). The aqueous phase containing several water-soluble compounds such as acids, alcohols, ketones, phenols and sugars, can be a source to
produce bio-chemicals (Scott 1988; Mamaeva et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2018b).
Liquefaction, including hydrolysis, decomposition and polycondensation reactions, is typically conducted at a milder operating temperature (200–350 °C) compared to fast pyrolysis (commonly operating at 400–600 °C in inert atmosphere).
The biomass resources used for liquefaction can be raw materials containing a highwater content (Cheng et al. 2010; Ye et al. 2014). Liquefaction is a widely used and
effective technique for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as catalytic
Table 7.1 Typical composition of biopolyols obtained from different raw materials by fast
pyrolysis
Raw material
Main constituents of biopolyols
References
Oil palm shell
Acids, alcohols, furans, ketones and phenols
Nurul Islam et al.
(2002)
Rice husk
Acids, and aromatic and heterocyclic compounds Zheng (2007)
Oil palm empty
fruit bunches
Acids, alcohols, furans, ketones, phenols and
pyrans
Sukiran et al. (2009)
Albizia
Acids, furans, nonaromatic aldehydes and
ketones, and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Beech
Acids, furans, nonaromatic aldehydes and
ketones, pyrans and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Corn cob
Acids, furans, lignin-derived phenols,
nonaromatic aldehydes and ketones, and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Iroko
Acids, furans, nonaromatic aldehydes and
ketones, and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Spruce
Acids, furans, guaiacols, nonaromatic aldehydes
and ketones, pyrans and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Wild reed
Acids, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, ketones
and phenols
Park et al. (2012)
Rice straw
Acids, alcohols, esters, furans, ketones and
phenols
Xiao and Yang (2013)
Scenedesmus sp.
Alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, carbohydrate
pyrolysates, fatty oxygenates and N-containing
compounds
Harman-Ware et al.
(2013)
Babool seeds
Alcohols, hydrocarbons and phenols
Garg et al. (2016)
Cedrus deodara
Acids, alcohols, aromatic ethers, carbonyl
compounds, hydrocarbons and phenols
Krishna et al. (2016a)
Cotton residue
Aromatic ethers, carbonyl compounds,
hydrocarbons, ketones and phenols
Krishna et al. (2016b)
Scenedesmus
dimorphus
Amides, aromatics, heterocyclic hydrocarbons,
indoles and phenols.
Bordoloi et al. (2016)
Palm frond
Acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and phenols
Rinaldi and
Simanungkalit (2017)
Pinewood
Acids and phenols
Zhang et al. (2017)
7 Synthesis of Biobased Polyurethane Foams From Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
organic phase consisting of large amounts of ketones, and aromatic and heterocyclic
compounds, can be used as fuel directly or upgraded to high grade fuels (Fan et al.
2017; Leng et al. 2018). The aqueous phase containing several water-soluble compounds such as acids, alcohols, ketones, phenols and sugars, can be a source to
produce bio-chemicals (Scott 1988; Mamaeva et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2018b).
Liquefaction, including hydrolysis, decomposition and polycondensation reactions, is typically conducted at a milder operating temperature (200–350 °C) compared to fast pyrolysis (commonly operating at 400–600 °C in inert atmosphere).
The biomass resources used for liquefaction can be raw materials containing a highwater content (Cheng et al. 2010; Ye et al. 2014). Liquefaction is a widely used and
effective technique for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as catalytic
Table 7.1 Typical composition of biopolyols obtained from different raw materials by fast
pyrolysis
Raw material
Main constituents of biopolyols
References
Oil palm shell
Acids, alcohols, furans, ketones and phenols
Nurul Islam et al.
(2002)
Rice husk
Acids, and aromatic and heterocyclic compounds Zheng (2007)
Oil palm empty
fruit bunches
Acids, alcohols, furans, ketones, phenols and
pyrans
Sukiran et al. (2009)
Albizia
Acids, furans, nonaromatic aldehydes and
ketones, and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Beech
Acids, furans, nonaromatic aldehydes and
ketones, pyrans and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Corn cob
Acids, furans, lignin-derived phenols,
nonaromatic aldehydes and ketones, and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Iroko
Acids, furans, nonaromatic aldehydes and
ketones, and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Spruce
Acids, furans, guaiacols, nonaromatic aldehydes
and ketones, pyrans and sugars
Azeez et al. (2010)
Wild reed
Acids, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatics, ketones
and phenols
Park et al. (2012)
Rice straw
Acids, alcohols, esters, furans, ketones and
phenols
Xiao and Yang (2013)
Scenedesmus sp.
Alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, carbohydrate
pyrolysates, fatty oxygenates and N-containing
compounds
Harman-Ware et al.
(2013)
Babool seeds
Alcohols, hydrocarbons and phenols
Garg et al. (2016)
Cedrus deodara
Acids, alcohols, aromatic ethers, carbonyl
compounds, hydrocarbons and phenols
Krishna et al. (2016a)
Cotton residue
Aromatic ethers, carbonyl compounds,
hydrocarbons, ketones and phenols
Krishna et al. (2016b)
Scenedesmus
dimorphus
Amides, aromatics, heterocyclic hydrocarbons,
indoles and phenols.
Bordoloi et al. (2016)
Palm frond
Acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and phenols
Rinaldi and
Simanungkalit (2017)
Pinewood
Acids and phenols
Zhang et al. (2017)
7 Synthesis of Biobased Polyurethane Foams From Agricultural and Forestry Wastes