92
Vinardell, M. P., & Mitjans, M. (2008). Alternative methods for eye and skin irritation tests:
An overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jps.21088.
Vinardell, M. P., Ugartondo, V., & Mitjans, M. (2008). Potential applications of antioxidant
lignins from different sources. Industrial Crops and Products, 27(2), 220–223. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.011.
Wang, X., Ray, S., Cooney, R. P., Kilmartin, P. A., Waterhouse, G. I. N., & Easteal, A. J. (2012).
Synthesis and characterization of poly(o-methoxyaniline)–lignosulfonate composites.
Synthetic Metals, 162(13–14), 1084–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.028.
Wang, Q., Mu, H., Zhang, L., Dong, D., Zhang, W., & Duan, J. (2015). Characterization of two
water-soluble lignin metabolites with antiproliferative activities from Inonotus obliquus.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 74, 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2014.12.044.
Wang, S., Kong, F., Gao, W., & Fatehi, P. (2018a). Novel process for generating cationic lignin
based flocculant. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(19), 6595–6608. https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05381.
Wang, J., Tian, L., Luo, B., Ramakrishna, S., Kai, D., Loh, X. J., Yang, I. H., Deen, G. R., & Mo,
X. (2018b). Engineering PCL/lignin nanofibers as an antioxidant scaffold for the growth of
neuron and Schwann cell. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 169, 356–365. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.021.
Wei, K., Luo, S. W., Fu, Y., Liu, L., & Guo, Q. X. (2004). A theoretical study on bond dissociation energies and oxidation potentials of monolignols. THEOCHEM Journal of Molecular
Structure, 712(1–3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2004.10.032.
Wen, J. L., Xue, B. L., Xu, F., Sun, R. C., & Pinkert, A. (2013). Unmasking the structural features
and property of lignin from bamboo. Industrial Crops and Products, 42, 332–343. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.041.
Xiao, C., Bolton, R., & Pan, W. L. (2007). Lignin from rice straw kraft pulping: Effects on soil
aggregation and chemical properties. Bioresource Technology, 98(7), 1482–1488. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.014.
Xu, G., Wang, H., & Zhu, H. (2017). Rheological properties and anti-aging performance of asphalt
binder modified with wood lignin. Construction and Building Materials, 151, 801–808. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.151.
Xue, B. L., Wen, J. L., & Sun, R. C. (2014). Lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with
pulp fiber: Synthesis and characterization. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(6),
1474–1480. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc5001226.
Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Yuan, T. Q., & Sun, R. C. (2015). Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives prepared with biorefinery technical lignins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(36),
42493. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42493.
Yang, W., Owczarek, J. S., Fortunati, E., Kozanecki, M., Mazzaglia, A., Balestra, G. M., Kenny,
J. M., Torre, L., & Puglia, D. (2016). Antioxidant and antibacterial lignin nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan films for active packaging. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 800–811.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.061.
Yang, W., Fortunati, E., Bertoglio, F., Owczarek, J. S., Bruni, G., Kozanecki, M., Kenny, J. M.,
Torre, L., Visai, L., & Puglia, D. (2018a). Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan hydrogels with enhanced
antioxidant and antibacterial properties induced by lignin nanoparticles. Carbohydrate
Polymers, 181, 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.084.
Yang, W., Fortunati, E., Gao, D., Balestra, G. M., Giovanale, G., He, X., Torre, L., Kenny, J. M., &
Puglia, D. (2018b). Valorization of acid isolated high yield lignin nanoparticles as innovative
antioxidant/antimicrobial organic materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(3),
3502–3514. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03782.
Yang, X., Sun, Z., Wang, W., Zhou, Q., Shi, G., Wei, F., & Jiang, G. (2018c). Developmental toxicity of synthetic phenolic antioxidants to the early life stage of zebrafish. Science of the Total
Environment, 643, 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.213.
Z. Qin et al.
Vinardell, M. P., & Mitjans, M. (2008). Alternative methods for eye and skin irritation tests:
An overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jps.21088.
Vinardell, M. P., Ugartondo, V., & Mitjans, M. (2008). Potential applications of antioxidant
lignins from different sources. Industrial Crops and Products, 27(2), 220–223. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.07.011.
Wang, X., Ray, S., Cooney, R. P., Kilmartin, P. A., Waterhouse, G. I. N., & Easteal, A. J. (2012).
Synthesis and characterization of poly(o-methoxyaniline)–lignosulfonate composites.
Synthetic Metals, 162(13–14), 1084–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2012.04.028.
Wang, Q., Mu, H., Zhang, L., Dong, D., Zhang, W., & Duan, J. (2015). Characterization of two
water-soluble lignin metabolites with antiproliferative activities from Inonotus obliquus.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 74, 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijbiomac.2014.12.044.
Wang, S., Kong, F., Gao, W., & Fatehi, P. (2018a). Novel process for generating cationic lignin
based flocculant. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(19), 6595–6608. https://
doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05381.
Wang, J., Tian, L., Luo, B., Ramakrishna, S., Kai, D., Loh, X. J., Yang, I. H., Deen, G. R., & Mo,
X. (2018b). Engineering PCL/lignin nanofibers as an antioxidant scaffold for the growth of
neuron and Schwann cell. Colloids and Surfaces, B: Biointerfaces, 169, 356–365. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.05.021.
Wei, K., Luo, S. W., Fu, Y., Liu, L., & Guo, Q. X. (2004). A theoretical study on bond dissociation energies and oxidation potentials of monolignols. THEOCHEM Journal of Molecular
Structure, 712(1–3), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2004.10.032.
Wen, J. L., Xue, B. L., Xu, F., Sun, R. C., & Pinkert, A. (2013). Unmasking the structural features
and property of lignin from bamboo. Industrial Crops and Products, 42, 332–343. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.041.
Xiao, C., Bolton, R., & Pan, W. L. (2007). Lignin from rice straw kraft pulping: Effects on soil
aggregation and chemical properties. Bioresource Technology, 98(7), 1482–1488. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.11.014.
Xu, G., Wang, H., & Zhu, H. (2017). Rheological properties and anti-aging performance of asphalt
binder modified with wood lignin. Construction and Building Materials, 151, 801–808. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.151.
Xue, B. L., Wen, J. L., & Sun, R. C. (2014). Lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with
pulp fiber: Synthesis and characterization. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(6),
1474–1480. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc5001226.
Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Yuan, T. Q., & Sun, R. C. (2015). Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives prepared with biorefinery technical lignins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(36),
42493. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42493.
Yang, W., Owczarek, J. S., Fortunati, E., Kozanecki, M., Mazzaglia, A., Balestra, G. M., Kenny,
J. M., Torre, L., & Puglia, D. (2016). Antioxidant and antibacterial lignin nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan films for active packaging. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 800–811.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.061.
Yang, W., Fortunati, E., Bertoglio, F., Owczarek, J. S., Bruni, G., Kozanecki, M., Kenny, J. M.,
Torre, L., Visai, L., & Puglia, D. (2018a). Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan hydrogels with enhanced
antioxidant and antibacterial properties induced by lignin nanoparticles. Carbohydrate
Polymers, 181, 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.084.
Yang, W., Fortunati, E., Gao, D., Balestra, G. M., Giovanale, G., He, X., Torre, L., Kenny, J. M., &
Puglia, D. (2018b). Valorization of acid isolated high yield lignin nanoparticles as innovative
antioxidant/antimicrobial organic materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(3),
3502–3514. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03782.
Yang, X., Sun, Z., Wang, W., Zhou, Q., Shi, G., Wei, F., & Jiang, G. (2018c). Developmental toxicity of synthetic phenolic antioxidants to the early life stage of zebrafish. Science of the Total
Environment, 643, 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.213.
Z. Qin et al.