Biopolymer-Based Nanofibrous Membrane
for Water Purification Treatment
Elakkiya Thangaraju and Rajendran Muthuraj
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
2 Influence of Microorganisms in Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
3 Water Purification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4 Electrospinning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5 Cellulose Acetate Nanofibrous Membrane for Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersed Cellulose Acetate Nanofibrous Membrane . . . . . . . . . . 235
8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Abstract The availability of the resources is limited due to ever increasing population, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, and improper waste management.
Currently, one of the most important environmental issues is water pollution. The
bacteria, viruses, intestinal parasites, and other pathogenic microorganisms mainly
contaminated the drinking water and it causes the diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid. In 2015, the World Health Organization has reported that 321 children were killed every day by diarrhea. Globally, every year 1.8 million people
mostly under 5 years died due to diarrheal diseases alone which is mainly related to
water. At present, chemical disinfectants (e.g., chlorine) and polymer membranebased water filtration system are employed to manage microbial pathogens in the
water. The by-products of the chemical disinfectants are highly harmful and problematic. The major concerns in the water filtration of polymer membranes are
biofouling and virus penetration. Furthermore, the membrane-based water filtration
E. Thangaraju (*)
Department of Chemistry, Sri Sarada College for Women (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu,
India
e-mail: elakkiya.chemist@gmail.com
R. Muthuraj
WornAgain Technologies Ltd., Biocity, Nottingham, UK
Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.),
Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management
Techniques, Hdb Env Chem (2020) 104: 225–240, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_584,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 24 June 2020
225
for Water Purification Treatment
Elakkiya Thangaraju and Rajendran Muthuraj
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
2 Influence of Microorganisms in Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
3 Water Purification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4 Electrospinning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5 Cellulose Acetate Nanofibrous Membrane for Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersed Cellulose Acetate Nanofibrous Membrane . . . . . . . . . . 235
8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Abstract The availability of the resources is limited due to ever increasing population, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, and improper waste management.
Currently, one of the most important environmental issues is water pollution. The
bacteria, viruses, intestinal parasites, and other pathogenic microorganisms mainly
contaminated the drinking water and it causes the diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid. In 2015, the World Health Organization has reported that 321 children were killed every day by diarrhea. Globally, every year 1.8 million people
mostly under 5 years died due to diarrheal diseases alone which is mainly related to
water. At present, chemical disinfectants (e.g., chlorine) and polymer membranebased water filtration system are employed to manage microbial pathogens in the
water. The by-products of the chemical disinfectants are highly harmful and problematic. The major concerns in the water filtration of polymer membranes are
biofouling and virus penetration. Furthermore, the membrane-based water filtration
E. Thangaraju (*)
Department of Chemistry, Sri Sarada College for Women (Autonomous), Salem, Tamil Nadu,
India
e-mail: elakkiya.chemist@gmail.com
R. Muthuraj
WornAgain Technologies Ltd., Biocity, Nottingham, UK
Manuel Jerold, Santhiagu Arockiasamy, and Velmurugan Sivasubramanian (eds.),
Bioprocess Engineering for Bioremediation: Valorization and Management
Techniques, Hdb Env Chem (2020) 104: 225–240, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_584,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 24 June 2020
225