2. Chen W, Chen Y, Yang H, Xia M, Li K, Chen X, Chen H (2017) Co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic
biomass and microalgae: products characteristics and interaction effect. Bioresour Technol
245:860–868
3. Arvindnarayan S, Prabhu KKS, Shobana S, Kumar G, Dharmaraja J (2017) Upgrading of micro
algal derived bio-fuels in thermochemical liquefaction path and its perspectives: a review. Int
Biodeterior Biodegradation 119:260–272
4. Chen CY, Yeh KL, Aisyah R, Lee DJ, Chang JS (2011) Cultivation, photobioreactor design and
harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 102
(1):71–81
5. Koppejan J, Van Loo S (2012) The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. Routledge,
London
6. Sticklen MB (2008) Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: towards affordable
cellulosic ethanol. Nat Rev Genet 9(6):433
7. Sørensen I, Pettolino FA, Bacic A, Ralph J, Lu F, O’Neill MA, Fei Z, Rose JK, Domozych DS,
Willats WG (2011) The charophycean green algae provide insights into the early origins of
plant cell walls. Plant J 68(2):201–211
8. Zhou X, Li W, Mabon R, Broadbelt LJ (2017) A critical review on hemicellulose pyrolysis.
Energ Technol 5(1):52–79
9. Bajpai P (2016) Structure of lignocellulosic biomass. In: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic
biomass for biofuel production. Springer, Singapore, pp 7–12
10. Pettersen RC (1984) The chemical composition of wood. In: The chemistry of solid wood, vol
207. US Department of Agriculture, Forest service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, pp
57–126
11. Fowden L (1954) A comparison of the compositions of some algal proteins. Ann Bot 18
(3):257–266
12. Markou G, Angelidaki I, Georgakakis D (2012) Microalgal carbohydrates: an overview of the
factors influencing carbohydrates production, and of main bioconversion technologies for
production of biofuels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 96(3):631–645
13. Yao L, Gerde JA, Lee SL, Wang T, Harrata KA (2015) Microalgae lipid characterization. J
Agric Food Chem 63(6):1773–1787
14. Kruse A, Funke A, Titirici MM (2013) Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels and
energetic materials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17(3):515–521
15. He C, Giannis A, Wang JY (2013) Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using
hydrothermal carbonization: hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior. Appl
Energy 111:257–266
16. Zhang S, Zhu X, Zhou S, Shang H, Luo J, Tsang DC (2019) Hydrothermal carbonization for
hydrochar production and its application. In: Biochar from biomass and waste. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp 275–294
17. Libra JA, Ro KS, Kammann C, Funke A, Berge ND, Neubauer Y, Titirici MM, Fühner C,
Bens O, Kern J, Emmerich KH (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a
comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis.
Biofuels 2(1):71–106
18. Funke A, Ziegler F (2010) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a summary and discussion
of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 4(2):160–177
19. Huang HJ, Yuan XZ (2015) Recent progress in the direct liquefaction of typical biomass. Prog
Energy Combust Sci 49:59–80
20. Eboibi BEO, Lewis DM, Ashman PJ, Chinnasamy S (2014) Hydrothermal liquefaction of
microalgae for biocrude production: improving the biocrude properties with vacuum distillation. Bioresour Technol 174:212–221
21. Jin F, Enomoto H (2011) Rapid and highly selective conversion of biomass into value-added
products in hydrothermal conditions: chemistry of acid/base-catalysed and oxidation reactions.
Energy Environ Sci 4(2):382–397
222
C. D. Venkatachalam et al.
biomass and microalgae: products characteristics and interaction effect. Bioresour Technol
245:860–868
3. Arvindnarayan S, Prabhu KKS, Shobana S, Kumar G, Dharmaraja J (2017) Upgrading of micro
algal derived bio-fuels in thermochemical liquefaction path and its perspectives: a review. Int
Biodeterior Biodegradation 119:260–272
4. Chen CY, Yeh KL, Aisyah R, Lee DJ, Chang JS (2011) Cultivation, photobioreactor design and
harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 102
(1):71–81
5. Koppejan J, Van Loo S (2012) The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. Routledge,
London
6. Sticklen MB (2008) Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: towards affordable
cellulosic ethanol. Nat Rev Genet 9(6):433
7. Sørensen I, Pettolino FA, Bacic A, Ralph J, Lu F, O’Neill MA, Fei Z, Rose JK, Domozych DS,
Willats WG (2011) The charophycean green algae provide insights into the early origins of
plant cell walls. Plant J 68(2):201–211
8. Zhou X, Li W, Mabon R, Broadbelt LJ (2017) A critical review on hemicellulose pyrolysis.
Energ Technol 5(1):52–79
9. Bajpai P (2016) Structure of lignocellulosic biomass. In: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic
biomass for biofuel production. Springer, Singapore, pp 7–12
10. Pettersen RC (1984) The chemical composition of wood. In: The chemistry of solid wood, vol
207. US Department of Agriculture, Forest service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, pp
57–126
11. Fowden L (1954) A comparison of the compositions of some algal proteins. Ann Bot 18
(3):257–266
12. Markou G, Angelidaki I, Georgakakis D (2012) Microalgal carbohydrates: an overview of the
factors influencing carbohydrates production, and of main bioconversion technologies for
production of biofuels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 96(3):631–645
13. Yao L, Gerde JA, Lee SL, Wang T, Harrata KA (2015) Microalgae lipid characterization. J
Agric Food Chem 63(6):1773–1787
14. Kruse A, Funke A, Titirici MM (2013) Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels and
energetic materials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 17(3):515–521
15. He C, Giannis A, Wang JY (2013) Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using
hydrothermal carbonization: hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior. Appl
Energy 111:257–266
16. Zhang S, Zhu X, Zhou S, Shang H, Luo J, Tsang DC (2019) Hydrothermal carbonization for
hydrochar production and its application. In: Biochar from biomass and waste. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp 275–294
17. Libra JA, Ro KS, Kammann C, Funke A, Berge ND, Neubauer Y, Titirici MM, Fühner C,
Bens O, Kern J, Emmerich KH (2011) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a
comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis.
Biofuels 2(1):71–106
18. Funke A, Ziegler F (2010) Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: a summary and discussion
of chemical mechanisms for process engineering. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 4(2):160–177
19. Huang HJ, Yuan XZ (2015) Recent progress in the direct liquefaction of typical biomass. Prog
Energy Combust Sci 49:59–80
20. Eboibi BEO, Lewis DM, Ashman PJ, Chinnasamy S (2014) Hydrothermal liquefaction of
microalgae for biocrude production: improving the biocrude properties with vacuum distillation. Bioresour Technol 174:212–221
21. Jin F, Enomoto H (2011) Rapid and highly selective conversion of biomass into value-added
products in hydrothermal conditions: chemistry of acid/base-catalysed and oxidation reactions.
Energy Environ Sci 4(2):382–397
222
C. D. Venkatachalam et al.