Table 4
Reaction parameters of different woody and algal species
Feedstock (possible
hydrothermal routes)
Reactor specifications
Temperature
range (
C)
Hydrothermal
media
Catalyst
Extraction solvent Ref
Pine wood (HTC, HTL)
300 mL SS316 PARR reactor with
heating rate 5 K/min
200–275
Water
5 wt% Ni(NO
3 )
2
Ethyl acetate,
acetone
[34]
Pine wood (HTG)
100 mL SS 316 batch-type autoclave
reactor with heating rate of 8–10 K/
min
500–600
Water
10 wt% K
2 CO
3
–
[35]
Pine wood (HTC, HTL)
600 mL stainless steel autoclave
reactor with heating rate of 10 K/min
200–350
50% aqueous
EtOH, MeOH
–
Acetone
[36]
Oak wood (HTL)
10 mL AISI 316 tubular microreactor
with heating rate of 60 K/min
260–320
Water
Fe, Fe
2 O
3 , Fe
3 O
4 (0.05–
0.3 g/g biomass)
Acetone
[37]
Spruce wood (HTL)
600 mL Parr 4,848 high-pressure
reactor with heating rate of 5 K/min
250–300
Water
KF/Al
2 O
3
Dichloromethane
[38]
Rice straw (HTC)
2 L stainless steel pressure reactor
180–300
Water
–
–
[39]
Rice straw (HTL)
1,000 mL GSHA-1 type autoclave
with heating rate of 3 K/min
260–300
EtOH-water,
2-propanolwater
–
Tetrahydrofuran
[40]
Common reed (HTL)
250 mL SS316 autoclave reactor
with heating rate of 3 K/min
250–290
EtOH, MeOH 10 wt% NaOH
Benzene, diethyl
ether
[41]
Corncob (HTL)
250 mL Parr reactor with heating rate
of 5 K/min
300–360
Water, EtOH
5–10% NaOH, KOH
Acetone
[42]
Cotton cocoon shell
(HTL)
100 mL SS316 cylindrical autoclave
reactor with heating rate 5 K/min
235–300
Acetone,
water
NaOH, Na
2 CO
3 , KOH,
K
2 CO
3
Benzene, acetone
[43]
Nannochloropsis
sp. (HTC, HTL)
500 mL SS316 batch reactor
(MMJ500) with heating rate of 6 K/
min
210–250
Water
5 wt% Nano-Ni/SiO
2 ,
synthesize zeolite,
Na
2 CO
3
Dichloromethane
[44]
Enteromorpha prolifera
(HTL)
1,000 mL stainless steel autoclave
250–310
Water
0.02 M H
2 SO
4 , 0.2 M
CH
3 COOH
Dichloromethane
[45]
(continued)
Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass into Fuel and Fine Chemicals
211
Reaction parameters of different woody and algal species
Feedstock (possible
hydrothermal routes)
Reactor specifications
Temperature
range (
C)
Hydrothermal
media
Catalyst
Extraction solvent Ref
Pine wood (HTC, HTL)
300 mL SS316 PARR reactor with
heating rate 5 K/min
200–275
Water
5 wt% Ni(NO
3 )
2
Ethyl acetate,
acetone
[34]
Pine wood (HTG)
100 mL SS 316 batch-type autoclave
reactor with heating rate of 8–10 K/
min
500–600
Water
10 wt% K
2 CO
3
–
[35]
Pine wood (HTC, HTL)
600 mL stainless steel autoclave
reactor with heating rate of 10 K/min
200–350
50% aqueous
EtOH, MeOH
–
Acetone
[36]
Oak wood (HTL)
10 mL AISI 316 tubular microreactor
with heating rate of 60 K/min
260–320
Water
Fe, Fe
2 O
3 , Fe
3 O
4 (0.05–
0.3 g/g biomass)
Acetone
[37]
Spruce wood (HTL)
600 mL Parr 4,848 high-pressure
reactor with heating rate of 5 K/min
250–300
Water
KF/Al
2 O
3
Dichloromethane
[38]
Rice straw (HTC)
2 L stainless steel pressure reactor
180–300
Water
–
–
[39]
Rice straw (HTL)
1,000 mL GSHA-1 type autoclave
with heating rate of 3 K/min
260–300
EtOH-water,
2-propanolwater
–
Tetrahydrofuran
[40]
Common reed (HTL)
250 mL SS316 autoclave reactor
with heating rate of 3 K/min
250–290
EtOH, MeOH 10 wt% NaOH
Benzene, diethyl
ether
[41]
Corncob (HTL)
250 mL Parr reactor with heating rate
of 5 K/min
300–360
Water, EtOH
5–10% NaOH, KOH
Acetone
[42]
Cotton cocoon shell
(HTL)
100 mL SS316 cylindrical autoclave
reactor with heating rate 5 K/min
235–300
Acetone,
water
NaOH, Na
2 CO
3 , KOH,
K
2 CO
3
Benzene, acetone
[43]
Nannochloropsis
sp. (HTC, HTL)
500 mL SS316 batch reactor
(MMJ500) with heating rate of 6 K/
min
210–250
Water
5 wt% Nano-Ni/SiO
2 ,
synthesize zeolite,
Na
2 CO
3
Dichloromethane
[44]
Enteromorpha prolifera
(HTL)
1,000 mL stainless steel autoclave
250–310
Water
0.02 M H
2 SO
4 , 0.2 M
CH
3 COOH
Dichloromethane
[45]
(continued)
Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass into Fuel and Fine Chemicals
211