heterogeneous nature of MSW, generation of electricity in the form of incineration
with energy recovery turns to be the most promising options that can reduce the
challenging issue of the heterogeneous nature of the MSW. Waste to energy (WtE)
technology can help immensely in the generation of green energy (heat and electricity). The technology in the form of Energy Recovery Facility (ERF) generates
heat by burning MSW in a specially controlled environment; the heat is turned into
steam for generation of electricity and heat for large-, medium- and small-scale
applications. This technology is widely utilised in different countries, and it is
proven to be economical and safer to the environment, though the most challenging
issue with this system is the emission control [17, 18].
Although MSW incineration with energy recovery allows maximum treatment of
different types of wastes in MSW stream including the plastics wastes which are
essentially hydrocarbons with calorific values in the range between 30 and 40 MJ/kg,
and food solid wastes which are sustainable and important source for certain
industrial chemicals, it worth noting that the impact of incinerating the plastics and
other non-biodegradable materials is hazardous to the environment due to the release
of more greenhouse gases than landfill. To address this challenging issue, it is,
therefore, necessary to develop some advanced waste treatment technologies for
sustainable development in the process of turning wastes to wealth.
3 Advanced Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Treatment
Technologies
All the MSW management techniques have advantages as well as some disadvantages when applied in practical cases. This is the reason why a variety of waste
treatment technologies are available, but there is no technology thats is optimal
solution to the increased MSW all over the globe. This shows that there is a need for
integrated development in MSW treatment technologies for achieving a maximum
level of waste to wealth conversion from MSW [19]. The quest of achieving
maximum reduction of the increased MSW across the globe resulted in the development of advanced MSW treatment technologies. These advanced technologies are
developed with the aim of using different treatment methods for achieving maximum
reduction of the different types of waste in the municipal solid wastes stream prior to
disposal. In this section, the various advanced MSW treatment technologies are
highlighted.
3.1 Plasma Arc
The plasma arc is formed when quasineutral gas particles are ionised between two
medium of positive and negative particles [20, 21]. The plasma arc operates on
Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) Technology for Municipal Solid Waste. . .
183
with energy recovery turns to be the most promising options that can reduce the
challenging issue of the heterogeneous nature of the MSW. Waste to energy (WtE)
technology can help immensely in the generation of green energy (heat and electricity). The technology in the form of Energy Recovery Facility (ERF) generates
heat by burning MSW in a specially controlled environment; the heat is turned into
steam for generation of electricity and heat for large-, medium- and small-scale
applications. This technology is widely utilised in different countries, and it is
proven to be economical and safer to the environment, though the most challenging
issue with this system is the emission control [17, 18].
Although MSW incineration with energy recovery allows maximum treatment of
different types of wastes in MSW stream including the plastics wastes which are
essentially hydrocarbons with calorific values in the range between 30 and 40 MJ/kg,
and food solid wastes which are sustainable and important source for certain
industrial chemicals, it worth noting that the impact of incinerating the plastics and
other non-biodegradable materials is hazardous to the environment due to the release
of more greenhouse gases than landfill. To address this challenging issue, it is,
therefore, necessary to develop some advanced waste treatment technologies for
sustainable development in the process of turning wastes to wealth.
3 Advanced Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Treatment
Technologies
All the MSW management techniques have advantages as well as some disadvantages when applied in practical cases. This is the reason why a variety of waste
treatment technologies are available, but there is no technology thats is optimal
solution to the increased MSW all over the globe. This shows that there is a need for
integrated development in MSW treatment technologies for achieving a maximum
level of waste to wealth conversion from MSW [19]. The quest of achieving
maximum reduction of the increased MSW across the globe resulted in the development of advanced MSW treatment technologies. These advanced technologies are
developed with the aim of using different treatment methods for achieving maximum
reduction of the different types of waste in the municipal solid wastes stream prior to
disposal. In this section, the various advanced MSW treatment technologies are
highlighted.
3.1 Plasma Arc
The plasma arc is formed when quasineutral gas particles are ionised between two
medium of positive and negative particles [20, 21]. The plasma arc operates on
Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) Technology for Municipal Solid Waste. . .
183