Flow cytometry ................................................. 51, 56, 60
Fluorescence
dye.......................................................... 48–52, 55–57
microscopy................................................... 51, 55–56
variable fluorescence .......................................... 42, 44
Fossil depletion ............................................................ 111
Free amino acids........................................................... 234
FRRF, see Fast repetition rate fluorometry
G
Gas
chromatography ........................................ 55, 57, 60,
181, 204, 205, 225, 226, 234
chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS).......................................... 181, 223–231
exchange ................................................ 1, 3–5, 38, 68
Gel filtration chromatography................... 174, 176, 177
Genetic engineering ........................... 155, 156, 162–163
Greenhouse gas (GHG) balance ................................. 122
Growth medium........................ 36, 37, 58–60, 122, 166
Growth rate ........................................ 10–12, 26, 37, 43,
87, 95, 122, 153, 154, 168, 223
H
High-performance anion exchange chromatography
(HPAEC) ............................... 189, 192, 193, 197
High-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC)................................ 181, 185, 188, 190,
192, 205–208, 211, 224, 234
High-rate algal ponds ...................................................... 2
High resolution mass spectrometry ................... 220, 224
HPAEC, see High-performance anion exchange
chromatography
HPLC, see High-performance liquid chromatography
I
Impact assessment category......................................... 105
Inventory analysis............................... 105, 108–109, 131
Ion-exchange chromatography .......................... 174–177
ISO standard ...................................... 104–105, 131, 141
L
Life cycle assessment (LCA) .............. 103–115, 121–148
Lipid
accumulation .................................... 55–61, 158–160
extraction ................................................. 55, 122, 203
staining ........................................................ 47–52, 56
Lipidomics platform............................................ 216–221
Liquid chromatography (LC)........................... 191–201,
217, 226, 227
M
Macroalgae ............................................... 9–29, 106, 224
mixing system ..................................................... 23, 25
Marine biorefinery design........................... 10–21, 23–29
Mass balance........................................................ 109, 111
Mass spectrometry .................... 216, 217, 219–221, 229
Metabolic engineering ........................................ 153–168
Microalgae ........................................ 1–8, 10, 23, 35–39,
47–52, 55–57, 63, 87, 153–168, 215, 223, 224,
233
Mitochondria....................................................... 160, 162
N
Neutral lipids ............................................ 48, 52, 55–61,
158–160, 216, 224
Nile red (NR) ....................................... 47, 48, 52, 55–61
Nitrate............................................ 11, 38, 71–75, 79, 81
Nitrogen (N)
analysis ........................................................... 233–240
fixers .......................................................................... 71
Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor .............. 233–240
Nutrient uptake.............................................................. 81
O
Offshore
cultivation ............................ 10–12, 21–23, 106, 114
farm ........................................................................... 23
OJIP curves ............................................................. 42, 43
Orthophosphate ...................................................... 38, 87
Oxidation catalyst.............................................. 69, 72, 82
P
Particulate organic carbon (POC) ....................... 63–65,
67–69, 72, 81
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) .............. 64, 71–74,
78, 79, 81, 82
Particulate organic phosphorus (POP)................ 87–89,
92–94
pH .......................................... 2, 5–7, 38, 47, 49, 52, 63,
64, 115, 155, 174, 175
Phosphorus (P) ............................................... 35, 38, 63,
85, 87–94, 111, 112, 143
Photobioreactor ........................ 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 132, 154
Photochemical efficiency .................................. 41, 42, 44
Photosynthesis...................................... 5, 23, 35, 38, 41,
63, 64, 111, 162, 173, 224
Photosynthetic cell factories ........................................ 153
Phycocyanin purification..................................... 173–179
Platform chemicals ..................................... 11, 15, 28–29
POC, see Particulate organic carbon
248
BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
Index
Fluorescence
dye.......................................................... 48–52, 55–57
microscopy................................................... 51, 55–56
variable fluorescence .......................................... 42, 44
Fossil depletion ............................................................ 111
Free amino acids........................................................... 234
FRRF, see Fast repetition rate fluorometry
G
Gas
chromatography ........................................ 55, 57, 60,
181, 204, 205, 225, 226, 234
chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS).......................................... 181, 223–231
exchange ................................................ 1, 3–5, 38, 68
Gel filtration chromatography................... 174, 176, 177
Genetic engineering ........................... 155, 156, 162–163
Greenhouse gas (GHG) balance ................................. 122
Growth medium........................ 36, 37, 58–60, 122, 166
Growth rate ........................................ 10–12, 26, 37, 43,
87, 95, 122, 153, 154, 168, 223
H
High-performance anion exchange chromatography
(HPAEC) ............................... 189, 192, 193, 197
High-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC)................................ 181, 185, 188, 190,
192, 205–208, 211, 224, 234
High-rate algal ponds ...................................................... 2
High resolution mass spectrometry ................... 220, 224
HPAEC, see High-performance anion exchange
chromatography
HPLC, see High-performance liquid chromatography
I
Impact assessment category......................................... 105
Inventory analysis............................... 105, 108–109, 131
Ion-exchange chromatography .......................... 174–177
ISO standard ...................................... 104–105, 131, 141
L
Life cycle assessment (LCA) .............. 103–115, 121–148
Lipid
accumulation .................................... 55–61, 158–160
extraction ................................................. 55, 122, 203
staining ........................................................ 47–52, 56
Lipidomics platform............................................ 216–221
Liquid chromatography (LC)........................... 191–201,
217, 226, 227
M
Macroalgae ............................................... 9–29, 106, 224
mixing system ..................................................... 23, 25
Marine biorefinery design........................... 10–21, 23–29
Mass balance........................................................ 109, 111
Mass spectrometry .................... 216, 217, 219–221, 229
Metabolic engineering ........................................ 153–168
Microalgae ........................................ 1–8, 10, 23, 35–39,
47–52, 55–57, 63, 87, 153–168, 215, 223, 224,
233
Mitochondria....................................................... 160, 162
N
Neutral lipids ............................................ 48, 52, 55–61,
158–160, 216, 224
Nile red (NR) ....................................... 47, 48, 52, 55–61
Nitrate............................................ 11, 38, 71–75, 79, 81
Nitrogen (N)
analysis ........................................................... 233–240
fixers .......................................................................... 71
Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor .............. 233–240
Nutrient uptake.............................................................. 81
O
Offshore
cultivation ............................ 10–12, 21–23, 106, 114
farm ........................................................................... 23
OJIP curves ............................................................. 42, 43
Orthophosphate ...................................................... 38, 87
Oxidation catalyst.............................................. 69, 72, 82
P
Particulate organic carbon (POC) ....................... 63–65,
67–69, 72, 81
Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) .............. 64, 71–74,
78, 79, 81, 82
Particulate organic phosphorus (POP)................ 87–89,
92–94
pH .......................................... 2, 5–7, 38, 47, 49, 52, 63,
64, 115, 155, 174, 175
Phosphorus (P) ............................................... 35, 38, 63,
85, 87–94, 111, 112, 143
Photobioreactor ........................ 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 132, 154
Photochemical efficiency .................................. 41, 42, 44
Photosynthesis...................................... 5, 23, 35, 38, 41,
63, 64, 111, 162, 173, 224
Photosynthetic cell factories ........................................ 153
Phycocyanin purification..................................... 173–179
Platform chemicals ..................................... 11, 15, 28–29
POC, see Particulate organic carbon
248
BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
Index