M ¼
ha 1 j
⋮
ha n j
0
B
@
1
C
A jb 1 iÁ Á Ájb n i
ð
Þ¼
a 1 jb 1
h
i Á Á Á a 1 jb n
h
i
⋮
⋱
⋮
a n jb 1
h
i Á Á Á a n jb n
h
i
0
B
@
1
C
A:
Next we consider a norm of a vector expressed in reference to a set of basis
vectors je 1 i, Á Á Á , je n i of V
n . Let us express a vector jxi in an inner product space as
follows as in the case of (11.10) and (11.13):
x
j i ¼ x 1 e 1
j i þ x 2 e 2
j i þ Á Á Á þ x n e n
j i ¼ x 1 e 1 þ x 2 e 2 þ Á Á Á þ x n e n
j
i
¼ je 1 iÁ Á Áje n i
ð
Þ
x 1
⋮
x n
0
B
@
1
C
A:
ð13:32Þ
A bra vector hxj is then denoted by
hx j¼ x
Ã
1 Á Á Áx
Ã
n
À
Á
he 1 j
⋮
he n j
0
B
@
1
C
A:
ð13:33Þ
Thus, we have an inner product described as
xjx
h i ¼ x
Ã
1 Á Á Áx
Ã
n
À
Á
e 1
h j
⋮
e n
h j
0
B
@
1
C
A je 1
ð iÁ Á Á e n i
j Þ
x 1
⋮
x n
0
B
@
1
C
A
¼ x
Ã
1 Á Á Áx
Ã
n
À
Á
e 1 je 1
h
i Á Á Á e 1 je n
h
i
⋮
⋱
⋮
e n je 1
h
i Á Á Á e n je n
h
i
0
B
@
1
C
A
x 1
⋮
x n
0
B
@
1
C
A :
ð13:34Þ
Here the matrix expressed as follows is called a Gram matrix [2–4]:
G ¼
e 1 je 1
h
i Á Á Á e 1 je n
h
i
⋮
⋱
⋮
e n je 1
h
i Á Á Á e n je n
h
i
0
B
@
1
C
A:
ð13:35Þ
As he j je i i ¼ he i je j i
à , we have G ¼ G
{ . From Theorem 13.1, detG 6 ¼ 0. With a
shorthand notation, we write (G) ij ¼ (g ij ) ¼ (he i je j i). As already mentioned in Sect.
1.4, if for a matrix H we have a relation described by
13.2 Gram Matrices
529
Précédent

- 539/920

Suivant