Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Hill MP (eds) (2011) Biological control of invasive alien plants in
South Africa (1999–2010). Afr Entomol 19:177–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0218
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2013) 100 years of biological control of invasive
alien plants in South Africa: history, practice and achievements. S Afr J Sci 109:5–10. https://
doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0022
Morin L, Reid AM, Sims-Chilton NM et al (2009) Review of approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of weed biological control agents. Biol Control 51:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon
trol.2009.05.017
Muniappan R, Reddy GVP, Raman A (eds) (2009) Biological control of tropical weeds using
arthropods.
Cambridge
University
Press,
Cambridge.
https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9780511576348
Olckers T (2004) Targeting emerging weeds for biological control in South Africa: the benefits of
halting the spread of alien plants at an early stage of their invasion. S Afr J Sci 100:64–68
Olckers T, Hill MP (eds) (1999) Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990–1998). Afr
Entomol Mem 1:1–182
Paterson ID, Hoffmann JH, Klein H et al (2011) Biological control of Cactaceae in South Africa.
Afr Entomol 19:230–246. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0221
Raghu S, Walton C (2007) Understanding the ghost of Cactoblastis past: historical clarifications on
a poster child of classical biological control. Bioscience 57:699–705. https://doi.org/10.1641/
B570810
Schwarzländer M, Moran VC, Raghu S (2018) Constraints in weed biological control: contrasting
responses by implementing nations. BioControl 63:313–317
Shackleton CM, McGarry D, Fourie S et al (2007) Assessing the effects of invasive alien species on
rural livelihoods: case examples and a framework from South Africa. Hum Ecol 35:113–127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0
Syrett P, Briese DT, Hoffmann JH (2000) Success in biological control of terrestrial weeds by
arthropods. In: Gurr G, Wratten S (eds) Biological control: measures of success. Kluwer,
Dordrecht, pp 189–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4014-0_7
Urban AJ, Simelane DO, Retief E et al (2011) The invasive ‘Lantana camara L.’ hybrid complex
(Verbenaceae): a review of research into its identity and biological control in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:315–348. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0225
van Sittert L (2002) ‘Our irrepressible fellow colonist’: the biological invasion of prickly pear
(Opuntia ficus-indica) in the Eastern Cape, c.1870–c.1910. In: Dovers S, Edgecombe R, Guest
B (eds) South Africa’s environmental history. Cases and comparisons. David Philip, Cape
Town, pp 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhge.2001.0457
van Wilgen BW (2020) A brief, selective history of researchers and research initiatives related to
biological invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson
JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Berlin, pp 31–64. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_2
van Wilgen BW, De Lange WJ (2011) The costs and benefits of biological control of invasive alien
plants in South Africa. Afr Entomol 19:504–514. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0228
van Wilgen BW, de Wit MP, Anderson HJ et al (2004) Costs and benefits of biological control of
invasive alien plants: case studies from South Africa. S Afr J Sci 100:113–122
van Wilgen BW, Reyers B, Le Maitre DC et al (2008) A biome-scale assessment of the impact of
invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa. J Environ Manag 89:336–349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.015
van Wilgen BW, Forsyth GG, Le Maitre DC et al (2012) An assessment of the effectiveness of a
large, national-scale invasive alien plant control strategy in South Africa. Biol Conserv
148:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.035
Winston RL, Schwarzländer M, Hinz HL et al (eds) (2014) Biological control of weeds: a world
catalogue of agents and their target weeds, 5th ed. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health
Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV. FHTET-2014-04
19 Biological Control Against Invasive Alien Plants
571
South Africa (1999–2010). Afr Entomol 19:177–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0218
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2013) 100 years of biological control of invasive
alien plants in South Africa: history, practice and achievements. S Afr J Sci 109:5–10. https://
doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/a0022
Morin L, Reid AM, Sims-Chilton NM et al (2009) Review of approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of weed biological control agents. Biol Control 51:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon
trol.2009.05.017
Muniappan R, Reddy GVP, Raman A (eds) (2009) Biological control of tropical weeds using
arthropods.
Cambridge
University
Press,
Cambridge.
https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9780511576348
Olckers T (2004) Targeting emerging weeds for biological control in South Africa: the benefits of
halting the spread of alien plants at an early stage of their invasion. S Afr J Sci 100:64–68
Olckers T, Hill MP (eds) (1999) Biological control of weeds in South Africa (1990–1998). Afr
Entomol Mem 1:1–182
Paterson ID, Hoffmann JH, Klein H et al (2011) Biological control of Cactaceae in South Africa.
Afr Entomol 19:230–246. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0221
Raghu S, Walton C (2007) Understanding the ghost of Cactoblastis past: historical clarifications on
a poster child of classical biological control. Bioscience 57:699–705. https://doi.org/10.1641/
B570810
Schwarzländer M, Moran VC, Raghu S (2018) Constraints in weed biological control: contrasting
responses by implementing nations. BioControl 63:313–317
Shackleton CM, McGarry D, Fourie S et al (2007) Assessing the effects of invasive alien species on
rural livelihoods: case examples and a framework from South Africa. Hum Ecol 35:113–127.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9095-0
Syrett P, Briese DT, Hoffmann JH (2000) Success in biological control of terrestrial weeds by
arthropods. In: Gurr G, Wratten S (eds) Biological control: measures of success. Kluwer,
Dordrecht, pp 189–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4014-0_7
Urban AJ, Simelane DO, Retief E et al (2011) The invasive ‘Lantana camara L.’ hybrid complex
(Verbenaceae): a review of research into its identity and biological control in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:315–348. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0225
van Sittert L (2002) ‘Our irrepressible fellow colonist’: the biological invasion of prickly pear
(Opuntia ficus-indica) in the Eastern Cape, c.1870–c.1910. In: Dovers S, Edgecombe R, Guest
B (eds) South Africa’s environmental history. Cases and comparisons. David Philip, Cape
Town, pp 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhge.2001.0457
van Wilgen BW (2020) A brief, selective history of researchers and research initiatives related to
biological invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson
JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa, Springer, Berlin, pp 31–64. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_2
van Wilgen BW, De Lange WJ (2011) The costs and benefits of biological control of invasive alien
plants in South Africa. Afr Entomol 19:504–514. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0228
van Wilgen BW, de Wit MP, Anderson HJ et al (2004) Costs and benefits of biological control of
invasive alien plants: case studies from South Africa. S Afr J Sci 100:113–122
van Wilgen BW, Reyers B, Le Maitre DC et al (2008) A biome-scale assessment of the impact of
invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa. J Environ Manag 89:336–349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.015
van Wilgen BW, Forsyth GG, Le Maitre DC et al (2012) An assessment of the effectiveness of a
large, national-scale invasive alien plant control strategy in South Africa. Biol Conserv
148:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.035
Winston RL, Schwarzländer M, Hinz HL et al (eds) (2014) Biological control of weeds: a world
catalogue of agents and their target weeds, 5th ed. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health
Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV. FHTET-2014-04
19 Biological Control Against Invasive Alien Plants
571