Hoffmann JH, Moran VC (2008) Assigning success in biological weed control: what do we really
mean? In: Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC et al (eds) Proceedings of the XII international
symposium on biological control of weeds, La Grande Motte, France, 2007. CAB International,
Wallingford, pp 687–692. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935061.0687
Hoffmann JH, Moran VC, Zeller DA (1998) Long-term population studies and the development of
an integrated management programme for control of Opuntia stricta in Kruger National Park.
South Africa J Appl Ecol 35:156–160. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00283.x
Hoffmann JH, Moran VC, van Wilgen BW (2011) Prospects for the biological control of invasive
Pinus species (Pinaceae) in South Africa. Afr Entomol 19:393–401. https://doi.org/10.4001/
003.019.0209
Hoffmann JH, Moran VC, Hill MP (2019) Conceptualizing, categorizing and recording the outcomes of biological control of invasive plant species, at a population level. Biol Control. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.02.005
Huffaker CB (1964) Fundamentals of biological weed control. In: DeBach P, Schlinger EI (eds)
Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 631–649
Impson FAC, Kleinjan CA, Hoffmann JH et al (2011) Biological control of Australian Acacia
species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) Nielsen (Mimosaceae) in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:186–207. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0210
Klein H (2011) A catalogue of the insects, mites and pathogens that have been used or rejected, or
are under consideration, for the biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:515–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0214
Le Maitre DC, Krug RM, Hoffmann JH et al (2008) Hakea sericea: development of a model of the
impacts of biological control on population dynamics and rates of spread of an invasive species.
Ecol Model 212:342–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.011
Lounsbury CP (1915) Plant killing insects: the Indian cochineal. Agric J S Afr 1:537–543
Mann J (1970) Cacti naturalized in Australia and their control. Department of Lands, Brisbane
Martin GD, Hill MP, Coetzee JA et al (2018) Synergies between research organisations and the
wider community in enhancing weed biological control in South Africa. BioControl
63:437–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9846-4
McConnachie AJ, Hill MP, Byrne MJ (2004) Field assessment of a frond-feeding weevil, a
successful biological control agent of red waterfern, Azolla filiculoides, in southern Africa.
Biol Control 29:326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.08.010
McFadyen REC (1998) Biological control of weeds. Annu Rev Entomol 43:369–393. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.369
Moran VC, Annecke DP (1979) Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 3. The
jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley. J Entomol Soc South Afr 42:299–329
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2012) Conservation of the fynbos biome in the Cape Floral Region: the
role of biological control in the management of invasive alien trees. BioControl 57:139–149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9403-5
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2015) The fourteen international symposia on biological control of
weeds, 1969–2014: delegates, demographics and inferences from the debate on non-target
effects. Biol Control 87:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.04.008
Moran VC, Zimmermann HG (1991) Biological control of jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca
(Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agric Ecosyst Environ 37:5–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/01678809(91)90136-L
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Donnelly D et al (2000) Biological control of alien, invasive pine trees
(Pinus species) in South Africa. In: Spencer NR (ed) Proceedings of the X international
symposium on biological control of weeds, Bozeman, 1999. Montana State University, Bozeman MT, pp 941–953
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2005) Biological control of invasive alien plants in
South Africa: necessity, circumspection, and success. Front Ecol Environ 3:71–77. https://doi.
org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0071:BCOIAP]2.0.CO;2
570
M. P. Hill et al.
mean? In: Julien MH, Sforza R, Bon MC et al (eds) Proceedings of the XII international
symposium on biological control of weeds, La Grande Motte, France, 2007. CAB International,
Wallingford, pp 687–692. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935061.0687
Hoffmann JH, Moran VC, Zeller DA (1998) Long-term population studies and the development of
an integrated management programme for control of Opuntia stricta in Kruger National Park.
South Africa J Appl Ecol 35:156–160. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00283.x
Hoffmann JH, Moran VC, van Wilgen BW (2011) Prospects for the biological control of invasive
Pinus species (Pinaceae) in South Africa. Afr Entomol 19:393–401. https://doi.org/10.4001/
003.019.0209
Hoffmann JH, Moran VC, Hill MP (2019) Conceptualizing, categorizing and recording the outcomes of biological control of invasive plant species, at a population level. Biol Control. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.02.005
Huffaker CB (1964) Fundamentals of biological weed control. In: DeBach P, Schlinger EI (eds)
Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 631–649
Impson FAC, Kleinjan CA, Hoffmann JH et al (2011) Biological control of Australian Acacia
species and Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) Nielsen (Mimosaceae) in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:186–207. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0210
Klein H (2011) A catalogue of the insects, mites and pathogens that have been used or rejected, or
are under consideration, for the biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa. Afr
Entomol 19:515–549. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.019.0214
Le Maitre DC, Krug RM, Hoffmann JH et al (2008) Hakea sericea: development of a model of the
impacts of biological control on population dynamics and rates of spread of an invasive species.
Ecol Model 212:342–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.011
Lounsbury CP (1915) Plant killing insects: the Indian cochineal. Agric J S Afr 1:537–543
Mann J (1970) Cacti naturalized in Australia and their control. Department of Lands, Brisbane
Martin GD, Hill MP, Coetzee JA et al (2018) Synergies between research organisations and the
wider community in enhancing weed biological control in South Africa. BioControl
63:437–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9846-4
McConnachie AJ, Hill MP, Byrne MJ (2004) Field assessment of a frond-feeding weevil, a
successful biological control agent of red waterfern, Azolla filiculoides, in southern Africa.
Biol Control 29:326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.08.010
McFadyen REC (1998) Biological control of weeds. Annu Rev Entomol 43:369–393. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.369
Moran VC, Annecke DP (1979) Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 3. The
jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley. J Entomol Soc South Afr 42:299–329
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2012) Conservation of the fynbos biome in the Cape Floral Region: the
role of biological control in the management of invasive alien trees. BioControl 57:139–149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9403-5
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH (2015) The fourteen international symposia on biological control of
weeds, 1969–2014: delegates, demographics and inferences from the debate on non-target
effects. Biol Control 87:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.04.008
Moran VC, Zimmermann HG (1991) Biological control of jointed cactus, Opuntia aurantiaca
(Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agric Ecosyst Environ 37:5–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/01678809(91)90136-L
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Donnelly D et al (2000) Biological control of alien, invasive pine trees
(Pinus species) in South Africa. In: Spencer NR (ed) Proceedings of the X international
symposium on biological control of weeds, Bozeman, 1999. Montana State University, Bozeman MT, pp 941–953
Moran VC, Hoffmann JH, Zimmermann HG (2005) Biological control of invasive alien plants in
South Africa: necessity, circumspection, and success. Front Ecol Environ 3:71–77. https://doi.
org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0071:BCOIAP]2.0.CO;2
570
M. P. Hill et al.