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Nkuna VK, Visser V, Wilson JRU, Kumschick S (2018) Global environmental and socio-economic
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Noss RF (1990) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv Biol
4:355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00309.x
Odendaal LJ, Haupt TM, Griffiths CL (2008) The alien invasive land snail Theba pisana in the
West Coast National Park: is there cause for concern? Koedoe 50:93–98. https://doi.org/10.
4102/koedoe.v50i1.153
Picker MD (1985) Hybridization and habitat selection in Xenopus gilli and Xenopus laevis in the
south-western Cape Province. Copeia 1985:574–580. https://doi.org/10.2307/1444746
Picker M, Griffiths C (2011) Alien & invasive animals: a South African perspective. Struik Nature,
Cape Town
Potgieter L, Douwes E, Gaertner M et al (2020) Biological invasions in South Africa’s urban
ecosystems: patterns, processes, impacts and management. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_11
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts? S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Macdonald IAW, Forsyth GG (1989) Reductions in plant species richness under
stands of alien trees and shrubs in the Fynbos biome. South Afr For J 149:1–8. https://doi.org/
10.1080/00382167.1989.9628986
Rivers-Moore NA, Fowles B, Karssing RJ (2013) Impacts of trout on aquatic macroinvertebrates in
three Drakensberg rivers in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 38:93–99. https://
doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2012.750592
Robinson TB, Griffiths CL, McQuaid CD, Rius M (2005) Marine alien species of South Africa –
status and impacts. Afr J Mar Sci 27:297–306. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504088
Robinson TB, Branch GM, Griffiths CL et al (2007) Effects of the invasive mussel Mytilus
galloprovincialis on rocky intertidal community structure in South Africa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
340:163–171. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps340163
Robinson TB, Peters K, Brooker B (2020) Coastal invasions: the South African context. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_9
Rodda GH, Fritts TH (1992) The impact of the introduction of the colubrid snake Boiga irregularis
on Guam’s lizards. J Herpetol 26:166–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1564858
Sadchatheeswaran S, Branch GM, Robinson TB (2015) Changes in habitat complexity resulting
from sequential invasions of a rocky shore: implications for community structure. Biol Invasions 17:1799–1816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0837-4
SANBI (2019) Statistics: red list of South African plants version 2019.1. Downloaded Redlist.
sanbi.org on 2019/01/22
Schachtschneider K, February EC (2013) Impact of Prosopis invasion on a keystone tree species in
the Kalahari Desert. Plant Ecol 214:597–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0192-z
Scholes RJ, Biggs R (2005) A biodiversity intactness index. Nature 434:45–49. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nature03289
Schreiner C, Rödder D, Measey GJ (2013) Using models to test Poynton’s predictions. African. J
Herpetol 62:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2013.794865
Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2015) The impact of invasive
alien Prosopis species (mesquite) on native plants in different environments in South Africa. S
Afr J Bot 97:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.12.008
Shackleton RT, Novoa A, Shackleton CM et al (2020) The social dimensions of biological
invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 697–726. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24
510
T. A. Zengeya et al.
Nkuna VK, Visser V, Wilson JRU, Kumschick S (2018) Global environmental and socio-economic
impacts of selected alien grasses as a basis for ranking threats to South Africa. NeoBiota
41:19–65. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.41.26599
Noss RF (1990) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conserv Biol
4:355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00309.x
Odendaal LJ, Haupt TM, Griffiths CL (2008) The alien invasive land snail Theba pisana in the
West Coast National Park: is there cause for concern? Koedoe 50:93–98. https://doi.org/10.
4102/koedoe.v50i1.153
Picker MD (1985) Hybridization and habitat selection in Xenopus gilli and Xenopus laevis in the
south-western Cape Province. Copeia 1985:574–580. https://doi.org/10.2307/1444746
Picker M, Griffiths C (2011) Alien & invasive animals: a South African perspective. Struik Nature,
Cape Town
Potgieter L, Douwes E, Gaertner M et al (2020) Biological invasions in South Africa’s urban
ecosystems: patterns, processes, impacts and management. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 273–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_11
Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2004) Invasive alien plants in South Africa: how well do we
understand the ecological impacts? S Afr J Sci 100:45–52
Richardson DM, Macdonald IAW, Forsyth GG (1989) Reductions in plant species richness under
stands of alien trees and shrubs in the Fynbos biome. South Afr For J 149:1–8. https://doi.org/
10.1080/00382167.1989.9628986
Rivers-Moore NA, Fowles B, Karssing RJ (2013) Impacts of trout on aquatic macroinvertebrates in
three Drakensberg rivers in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 38:93–99. https://
doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2012.750592
Robinson TB, Griffiths CL, McQuaid CD, Rius M (2005) Marine alien species of South Africa –
status and impacts. Afr J Mar Sci 27:297–306. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504088
Robinson TB, Branch GM, Griffiths CL et al (2007) Effects of the invasive mussel Mytilus
galloprovincialis on rocky intertidal community structure in South Africa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
340:163–171. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps340163
Robinson TB, Peters K, Brooker B (2020) Coastal invasions: the South African context. In: van
Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in
South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_9
Rodda GH, Fritts TH (1992) The impact of the introduction of the colubrid snake Boiga irregularis
on Guam’s lizards. J Herpetol 26:166–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1564858
Sadchatheeswaran S, Branch GM, Robinson TB (2015) Changes in habitat complexity resulting
from sequential invasions of a rocky shore: implications for community structure. Biol Invasions 17:1799–1816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0837-4
SANBI (2019) Statistics: red list of South African plants version 2019.1. Downloaded Redlist.
sanbi.org on 2019/01/22
Schachtschneider K, February EC (2013) Impact of Prosopis invasion on a keystone tree species in
the Kalahari Desert. Plant Ecol 214:597–605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0192-z
Scholes RJ, Biggs R (2005) A biodiversity intactness index. Nature 434:45–49. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nature03289
Schreiner C, Rödder D, Measey GJ (2013) Using models to test Poynton’s predictions. African. J
Herpetol 62:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2013.794865
Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Richardson DM, van Wilgen BW (2015) The impact of invasive
alien Prosopis species (mesquite) on native plants in different environments in South Africa. S
Afr J Bot 97:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.12.008
Shackleton RT, Novoa A, Shackleton CM et al (2020) The social dimensions of biological
invasions in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya
TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 697–726. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_24
510
T. A. Zengeya et al.