References
Agripa N (2016) Perceptions and livelihood uses of an invasive alien tree (Acacia dealbata) by rural
communities in the Eastern Cape. MSc thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown
Annecke DP, Moran VC (1978) Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 2. The
prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. J Entomol Soc S Afr 41:161–188
Archer S, Scifres C, Bassham CR et al (1988) Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna:
conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol Monogr 58:111–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/
1942463
Archibald SA, Roy DP, van Wilgen BW et al (2009) What limits fire? An examination of drivers of
burnt area in sub-equatorial Africa. Glob Chang Biol 15:613–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-2486.2008.01754.x
Beinart W (2003) The rise of conservation in South Africa: settlers, livestock, and the environment
1770–1950. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Bekele K, Haji J, Legesse B et al (2018) Impacts of woody invasive alien plant species on rural
livelihood: generalised propensity score evidence from Prosopis spp. invasion in Afar region in
Ethiopia. Pastor Res Policy Pract 8:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0124-6
Binggeli P (2001) The human dimensions of invasive woody plants. In: McNeely JA (ed) The great
reshuffling – human dimensions of invasive alien species. IUCN, Gland, pp 145–159
Brown JR, Archer S (1989) Woody plant invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite
(Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing
history. Oecologia 80:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789926
Carruthers J (2008) “Wilding the farm or farming the wild?” The evolution of scientific game
ranching in South Africa from the 1960s to the present. Trans R Soc S Afr 63:160–181. https://
doi.org/10.1080/00359190809519220
De Lange WJ, van Wilgen BW (2010) An economic assessment of the contribution of biological
control to the management of invasive alien plants and to the protection of ecosystem services in
South Africa. Biol Invasions 12:4113–4124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9811-y
Dean WRJ, Milton SJ (2000) Directed dispersal of Opuntia species in the Karoo, South Africa: are
crows the responsible agents? J Arid Environ 45:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.
0652
Dean WRJ, Seymour CL, Joseph GS (2018) Linear structures in the Karoo, South Africa, and their
impacts on biota. Afr J Range For Sci 35:223–232. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2018.
1514530
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2018) Conservation of Agricultural Resources
Act, Act 43 of 1983. New long-term grazing capacity map for South Africa 2017. Government
Gazette No. 41870, 31 August 2018, Pretoria
Department of Environmental Affairs (2018a) EGIS protected areas database. https://egis.environ
ment.gov.za/protected_areas_database
Department of Environmental Affairs (2018b) Unlocking the socio-economic potential of
South Africa’s biodiversity assets through sustainable use of wildlife resources. Available at:
https://pmg.org.za/files/180227DEA.pdf
Du Toit JCO (2016) Control of the invasive grey poplar (Populus x canescens) using mechanical
removal and grazing by livestock. Research report of the Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Middelburg, pp 74–75
Du Toit JCO, van den Berg L, O’Connor TG (2015) Photographic evidence of fire-induced shifts
from dwarf-shrub- to grass-dominated vegetation in Nama-Karoo. S Afr J Bot 101:148–152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.06.002
Dzikiti S, Bugan R, Le Maitre D et al (2018) Comparison of water use by Prosopis spp and the
co-occurring Vachellia karroo trees before and after clearing the invasions: implications on
ground water. Water Research Commission Report No 2256/1/18, Pretoria
Elphick R (1985) Khoikhoi and the founding of white South Africa. Ravan Press, Johannesburg
16 The Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Rangelands in South Africa
483
Agripa N (2016) Perceptions and livelihood uses of an invasive alien tree (Acacia dealbata) by rural
communities in the Eastern Cape. MSc thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown
Annecke DP, Moran VC (1978) Critical reviews of biological pest control in South Africa. 2. The
prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. J Entomol Soc S Afr 41:161–188
Archer S, Scifres C, Bassham CR et al (1988) Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna:
conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecol Monogr 58:111–127. https://doi.org/10.2307/
1942463
Archibald SA, Roy DP, van Wilgen BW et al (2009) What limits fire? An examination of drivers of
burnt area in sub-equatorial Africa. Glob Chang Biol 15:613–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-2486.2008.01754.x
Beinart W (2003) The rise of conservation in South Africa: settlers, livestock, and the environment
1770–1950. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Bekele K, Haji J, Legesse B et al (2018) Impacts of woody invasive alien plant species on rural
livelihood: generalised propensity score evidence from Prosopis spp. invasion in Afar region in
Ethiopia. Pastor Res Policy Pract 8:28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-018-0124-6
Binggeli P (2001) The human dimensions of invasive woody plants. In: McNeely JA (ed) The great
reshuffling – human dimensions of invasive alien species. IUCN, Gland, pp 145–159
Brown JR, Archer S (1989) Woody plant invasion of grasslands: establishment of honey mesquite
(Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) on sites differing in herbaceous biomass and grazing
history. Oecologia 80:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00789926
Carruthers J (2008) “Wilding the farm or farming the wild?” The evolution of scientific game
ranching in South Africa from the 1960s to the present. Trans R Soc S Afr 63:160–181. https://
doi.org/10.1080/00359190809519220
De Lange WJ, van Wilgen BW (2010) An economic assessment of the contribution of biological
control to the management of invasive alien plants and to the protection of ecosystem services in
South Africa. Biol Invasions 12:4113–4124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9811-y
Dean WRJ, Milton SJ (2000) Directed dispersal of Opuntia species in the Karoo, South Africa: are
crows the responsible agents? J Arid Environ 45:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.
0652
Dean WRJ, Seymour CL, Joseph GS (2018) Linear structures in the Karoo, South Africa, and their
impacts on biota. Afr J Range For Sci 35:223–232. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2018.
1514530
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2018) Conservation of Agricultural Resources
Act, Act 43 of 1983. New long-term grazing capacity map for South Africa 2017. Government
Gazette No. 41870, 31 August 2018, Pretoria
Department of Environmental Affairs (2018a) EGIS protected areas database. https://egis.environ
ment.gov.za/protected_areas_database
Department of Environmental Affairs (2018b) Unlocking the socio-economic potential of
South Africa’s biodiversity assets through sustainable use of wildlife resources. Available at:
https://pmg.org.za/files/180227DEA.pdf
Du Toit JCO (2016) Control of the invasive grey poplar (Populus x canescens) using mechanical
removal and grazing by livestock. Research report of the Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Middelburg, pp 74–75
Du Toit JCO, van den Berg L, O’Connor TG (2015) Photographic evidence of fire-induced shifts
from dwarf-shrub- to grass-dominated vegetation in Nama-Karoo. S Afr J Bot 101:148–152.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.06.002
Dzikiti S, Bugan R, Le Maitre D et al (2018) Comparison of water use by Prosopis spp and the
co-occurring Vachellia karroo trees before and after clearing the invasions: implications on
ground water. Water Research Commission Report No 2256/1/18, Pretoria
Elphick R (1985) Khoikhoi and the founding of white South Africa. Ravan Press, Johannesburg
16 The Impact of Invasive Alien Plants on Rangelands in South Africa
483