van Wilgen BW, Higgins KB, Bellstedt DU (1990) The role of vegetation structure and fuel
chemistry in excluding fire from forest patches in the fire-prone fynbos shrublands of
South Africa. J Ecol 78:210–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261046
van Wilgen BW, Govender N, Biggs HC, Ntsala D, Funda XN (2004) Response of Savanna fire
regimes to changing fire-management policies in a large African National Park. Conserv Biol
18:1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00362.x
van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya T (2020a) Biological invasions in
South Africa: an overview. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR,
Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–30. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_1
van Wilgen NJ, van Wilgen BW, Midgley GF (2020b) Biological invasions as a component of
South Africa’s global change research effort. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM,
Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 851–
874. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_29
Visser V et al (2016) Much more give than take: South Africa as a major donor but infrequent
recipient of invasive non-native grasses. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 25:679–692. https://doi.org/10.
1111/geb.12445
Walker GA, Robertson MP, Gaertner M, Gallien L, Richardson DM (2017) The potential range of
Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) in South Africa: the roles of climate, land use and
disturbance. Biol Invasions 19:3675–3690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1597-8
Weyl OLF et al (2020) Alien freshwater fauna in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 151–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_6
Wilson JRU et al (2007) Residence time and potential range: crucial considerations in modelling
plant invasions. Divers Distrib 13:11–22
Wilson JR, Panetta FD, Lindgren C (2017) Detecting and responding to alien plant incursions.
Ecology, biodiversity, and conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zengeya TA, Robertson MP, Booth AJ, Chimimba CT (2013) Ecological niche modeling of the
invasive potential of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in African river systems: concerns and
implications for the conservation of indigenous congenerics. Biol Invasions 15:1507–1521.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0386-7
Zimmermann HG, Moran VC (1991) Biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica
(Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agric Ecosyst Environ 37:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/01678809(91)90137-m
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
13 The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Invasions
385
chemistry in excluding fire from forest patches in the fire-prone fynbos shrublands of
South Africa. J Ecol 78:210–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261046
van Wilgen BW, Govender N, Biggs HC, Ntsala D, Funda XN (2004) Response of Savanna fire
regimes to changing fire-management policies in a large African National Park. Conserv Biol
18:1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00362.x
van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya T (2020a) Biological invasions in
South Africa: an overview. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR,
Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 3–30. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_1
van Wilgen NJ, van Wilgen BW, Midgley GF (2020b) Biological invasions as a component of
South Africa’s global change research effort. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM,
Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 851–
874. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_29
Visser V et al (2016) Much more give than take: South Africa as a major donor but infrequent
recipient of invasive non-native grasses. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 25:679–692. https://doi.org/10.
1111/geb.12445
Walker GA, Robertson MP, Gaertner M, Gallien L, Richardson DM (2017) The potential range of
Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) in South Africa: the roles of climate, land use and
disturbance. Biol Invasions 19:3675–3690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1597-8
Weyl OLF et al (2020) Alien freshwater fauna in South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J,
Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer,
Berlin, pp 151–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32394-3_6
Wilson JRU et al (2007) Residence time and potential range: crucial considerations in modelling
plant invasions. Divers Distrib 13:11–22
Wilson JR, Panetta FD, Lindgren C (2017) Detecting and responding to alien plant incursions.
Ecology, biodiversity, and conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zengeya TA, Robertson MP, Booth AJ, Chimimba CT (2013) Ecological niche modeling of the
invasive potential of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in African river systems: concerns and
implications for the conservation of indigenous congenerics. Biol Invasions 15:1507–1521.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0386-7
Zimmermann HG, Moran VC (1991) Biological control of prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica
(Cactaceae), in South Africa. Agric Ecosyst Environ 37:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/01678809(91)90137-m
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
13 The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Invasions
385