Easterling DR et al (2000) Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science
289:2068–2074. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2068
Fairbanks DHK et al (2000) The South African land-cover characteristics database: a synopsis of
the landscape. S Afr J Sci 96:69–82
Fauchereau N, Trzaska S, Rouault M, Richard Y (2003) Rainfall variability and changes in
Southern Africa during the 20th century in the global warming context. Nat Hazards
29:139–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023630924100
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2014) A simple, rapid methodology for
developing invasive species watch lists. Biol Conserv 179:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biocon.2014.08.014
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2017) Prioritising surveillance for alien
organisms transported as stowaways on ships travelling to South Africa. PLoS One 12:
e0173340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173340
Faulkner KT et al (2020) South Africa’s pathways of introduction and dispersal and how they have
changed over time. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA
(eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 311–352. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_12
Forsyth GG, Kruger F, Le Maitre D (2010) National veldfire risk assessment: analysis of exposure
of social, economic and environmental assets to veldfire hazards in South Africa. CSIR Natural
Resources and the Environment. CSIR Report No: CSIR/NRE/ECO/ER/2010/0023/C. Available from http://bgis.sanbi.org/Projects/Detail/176, Stellenbosch
Foxcroft LC, Parsons M, McLoughlin CA, Richardson DM (2008) Patterns of alien plant distribution in a river landscape following an extreme flood. S Afr J Bot 74:463–475. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.sajb.2008.01.181
Foxcroft LC, Jarosik V, Pysek P, Richardson DM, Rouget M (2011) Protected-area boundaries as
filters of plant invasions. Conserv Biol 25:400–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.
01617.x
Gaertner M et al (2014) Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying high-priority
invaders that alter feedback relationships. Divers Distrib 20:733–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/
ddi.12182
Gaertner M et al (2017) Non-native species in urban envrionments: patterns, processes, impacts and
challenges. Biol Invasions 19:3461–3470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1598-7
Galatowitsch S, Richardson DM (2005) Riparian scrub recovery after clearing of invasive alien
trees in headwater streams of the Western Cape, South Africa. Biol Conserv 122:509–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.09.008
Geerts S, Botha PW, Visser V, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU (2013a) Montpellier broom (Genista
monspessulana) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) in South Africa: an assessment of
invasiveness and options for management. S Afr J Bot 87:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2013.03.019
Geerts S et al (2013b) The absence of fire can cause a lag phase—the invasion dynamics of Banksia
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Geerts S, Mashele BV, Visser V, Wilson JRU (2016) Lack of human-assisted dispersal means
Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu vine) could still be eradicated from South Africa. Biol
Invasions 18:3119–3126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1226-y
Gonzalez-Moreno P, Diez JM, Ibanez I, Font X, Vila M (2014) Plant invasions are contextdependent: multiscale effects of climate, human activity and habitat. Divers Distrib
20:720–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12206
Goodall J, Witkowski ETF, Morris CD, Henderson L (2011) Are environmental factors important
facilitators of Pompom Weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum) invasion in South African
rangelands? Biol Invasions 13:2217–2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0035-6
Govender N, Trollope WSW, van Wilgen BW (2006) The effect of fire season, fire frequency,
rainfall and management on fire intensities in savanna vegetation in South Africa. J Appl Ecol
43:748–758
13 The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Invasions
379
289:2068–2074. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2068
Fairbanks DHK et al (2000) The South African land-cover characteristics database: a synopsis of
the landscape. S Afr J Sci 96:69–82
Fauchereau N, Trzaska S, Rouault M, Richard Y (2003) Rainfall variability and changes in
Southern Africa during the 20th century in the global warming context. Nat Hazards
29:139–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023630924100
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2014) A simple, rapid methodology for
developing invasive species watch lists. Biol Conserv 179:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biocon.2014.08.014
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M, Wilson JRU (2017) Prioritising surveillance for alien
organisms transported as stowaways on ships travelling to South Africa. PLoS One 12:
e0173340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173340
Faulkner KT et al (2020) South Africa’s pathways of introduction and dispersal and how they have
changed over time. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA
(eds) Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 311–352. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-3-030-32394-3_12
Forsyth GG, Kruger F, Le Maitre D (2010) National veldfire risk assessment: analysis of exposure
of social, economic and environmental assets to veldfire hazards in South Africa. CSIR Natural
Resources and the Environment. CSIR Report No: CSIR/NRE/ECO/ER/2010/0023/C. Available from http://bgis.sanbi.org/Projects/Detail/176, Stellenbosch
Foxcroft LC, Parsons M, McLoughlin CA, Richardson DM (2008) Patterns of alien plant distribution in a river landscape following an extreme flood. S Afr J Bot 74:463–475. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.sajb.2008.01.181
Foxcroft LC, Jarosik V, Pysek P, Richardson DM, Rouget M (2011) Protected-area boundaries as
filters of plant invasions. Conserv Biol 25:400–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.
01617.x
Gaertner M et al (2014) Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying high-priority
invaders that alter feedback relationships. Divers Distrib 20:733–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/
ddi.12182
Gaertner M et al (2017) Non-native species in urban envrionments: patterns, processes, impacts and
challenges. Biol Invasions 19:3461–3470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1598-7
Galatowitsch S, Richardson DM (2005) Riparian scrub recovery after clearing of invasive alien
trees in headwater streams of the Western Cape, South Africa. Biol Conserv 122:509–521.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.09.008
Geerts S, Botha PW, Visser V, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU (2013a) Montpellier broom (Genista
monspessulana) and Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) in South Africa: an assessment of
invasiveness and options for management. S Afr J Bot 87:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2013.03.019
Geerts S et al (2013b) The absence of fire can cause a lag phase—the invasion dynamics of Banksia
ericifolia (Proteaceae). Austral Ecol 38:931–941. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12035
Geerts S, Mashele BV, Visser V, Wilson JRU (2016) Lack of human-assisted dispersal means
Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu vine) could still be eradicated from South Africa. Biol
Invasions 18:3119–3126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1226-y
Gonzalez-Moreno P, Diez JM, Ibanez I, Font X, Vila M (2014) Plant invasions are contextdependent: multiscale effects of climate, human activity and habitat. Divers Distrib
20:720–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12206
Goodall J, Witkowski ETF, Morris CD, Henderson L (2011) Are environmental factors important
facilitators of Pompom Weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum) invasion in South African
rangelands? Biol Invasions 13:2217–2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0035-6
Govender N, Trollope WSW, van Wilgen BW (2006) The effect of fire season, fire frequency,
rainfall and management on fire intensities in savanna vegetation in South Africa. J Appl Ecol
43:748–758
13 The Role of Environmental Factors in Promoting and Limiting Invasions
379