Pieterse 2013)], many pathways are understudied. Further research is, therefore,
required to better inform management, especially on the pathways that facilitate
within-country dispersal and those that involve the accidental introduction of
alien taxa.
Acknowledgements Thank you to Jesse Kalwij and Cavin Shivambu for providing photos, and to
Rolanda Julius and Trudy Paap for providing useful references and information. We also thank John
Wilson, Mathieu Rouget and others who contributed to research on South Africa’s pathways of
introduction and dispersal. We are grateful to Franz Essl and an anonymous reviewer for their
constructive comments on a previous version of this manuscript. The South African Department of
Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries (DEFF) are thanked for funding the South African National
Biodiversity Institute noting that this publication does not necessarily represent the views or
opinions of DEFF or its employees.
References
Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute (2017) The new invasive fall
armyworm (FAW) in South Africa. In: Biosystematics Fact Sheet. http://www.arc.agric.za/arcppri/Fact Sheets Library/The new Invasive Fall Armyworm (FAW) in South Africa.pdf.
Accessed 7 Feb 2019
Ahwireng-Obeng F, McGowan PJ (1998) Partner or hegemon? South Africa in Africa: part 1. J
Contemp African Stud 16:5–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589009808729619
Airports Company South Africa (2017) Passenger and aircraft statistics. http://www.airports.co.za/
business/statistics/aircraft-and-passenger. Accessed 22 Mar 2017
Aplin KP, Suzuki H, Chinen AA et al (2011) Multiple geographic origins of commensalism and
complex dispersal history of black rats. PLoS One 6:e26357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0026357
Bailey SA, Deneau MG, Jean L et al (2011) Evaluating efficacy of an environmental policy to
prevent biological invasions. Environ Sci Technol 45:2554–2561. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es102655j
Bastos AD, Nair D, Taylor PJ et al (2011) Genetic monitoring detects an overlooked cryptic species
and reveals the diversity and distribution of three invasive Rattus congeners in South Africa.
BMC Genet. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-12-26
Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S et al (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological
invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 26:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.023
Branch GM, Nina Steffani CN (2004) Can we predict the effects of alien species? A case-history of
the invasion of South Africa by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck). J Exp Mar Bio Ecol
300:189–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.007
Bromilow C (2010) Problem plants and alien weeds of South Africa, 3rd edn. BRIZA, Pretoria
Burness A (2019) An investigation of the international traditional medicine trade as an introduction
pathway for alien plants into South Africa. Dissertation. University of Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg
Bush ER, Baker SE, Macdonald DW (2014) Global trade in exotic pets 2006-2012. Conserv Biol
28:663–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12240
Busk G (1852) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum. Department of
Zoology, Natural History Museum, London
Byrne MJ, Williams VL, Wojtasik EM (2017) The viability of propagules of alien plant species sold
for traditional medicine in South Africa. S Afr J Bot 109:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2017.01.206
12 Pathways of Introduction and Dispersal
347
required to better inform management, especially on the pathways that facilitate
within-country dispersal and those that involve the accidental introduction of
alien taxa.
Acknowledgements Thank you to Jesse Kalwij and Cavin Shivambu for providing photos, and to
Rolanda Julius and Trudy Paap for providing useful references and information. We also thank John
Wilson, Mathieu Rouget and others who contributed to research on South Africa’s pathways of
introduction and dispersal. We are grateful to Franz Essl and an anonymous reviewer for their
constructive comments on a previous version of this manuscript. The South African Department of
Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries (DEFF) are thanked for funding the South African National
Biodiversity Institute noting that this publication does not necessarily represent the views or
opinions of DEFF or its employees.
References
Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute (2017) The new invasive fall
armyworm (FAW) in South Africa. In: Biosystematics Fact Sheet. http://www.arc.agric.za/arcppri/Fact Sheets Library/The new Invasive Fall Armyworm (FAW) in South Africa.pdf.
Accessed 7 Feb 2019
Ahwireng-Obeng F, McGowan PJ (1998) Partner or hegemon? South Africa in Africa: part 1. J
Contemp African Stud 16:5–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589009808729619
Airports Company South Africa (2017) Passenger and aircraft statistics. http://www.airports.co.za/
business/statistics/aircraft-and-passenger. Accessed 22 Mar 2017
Aplin KP, Suzuki H, Chinen AA et al (2011) Multiple geographic origins of commensalism and
complex dispersal history of black rats. PLoS One 6:e26357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0026357
Bailey SA, Deneau MG, Jean L et al (2011) Evaluating efficacy of an environmental policy to
prevent biological invasions. Environ Sci Technol 45:2554–2561. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es102655j
Bastos AD, Nair D, Taylor PJ et al (2011) Genetic monitoring detects an overlooked cryptic species
and reveals the diversity and distribution of three invasive Rattus congeners in South Africa.
BMC Genet. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-12-26
Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S et al (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological
invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 26:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.023
Branch GM, Nina Steffani CN (2004) Can we predict the effects of alien species? A case-history of
the invasion of South Africa by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck). J Exp Mar Bio Ecol
300:189–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.007
Bromilow C (2010) Problem plants and alien weeds of South Africa, 3rd edn. BRIZA, Pretoria
Burness A (2019) An investigation of the international traditional medicine trade as an introduction
pathway for alien plants into South Africa. Dissertation. University of Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg
Bush ER, Baker SE, Macdonald DW (2014) Global trade in exotic pets 2006-2012. Conserv Biol
28:663–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12240
Busk G (1852) Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum. Department of
Zoology, Natural History Museum, London
Byrne MJ, Williams VL, Wojtasik EM (2017) The viability of propagules of alien plant species sold
for traditional medicine in South Africa. S Afr J Bot 109:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
sajb.2017.01.206
12 Pathways of Introduction and Dispersal
347