Escobedo FJ, Kroeger T, Wagner JE (2011) Urban forests and pollution mitigation: analyzing
ecosystem services and disservices. Environ Pollut 159:2078–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2011.01.010
Evans T, Kumschick S, Blackburn TM (2016) Application of the environmental impact classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) to a global assessment of alien bird impacts. Divers Distrib
22:919–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12464
Forsyth GG, Richardson DM, Brown PJ et al (2004) A rapid assessment of the invasive status of
Eucalyptus species in two South African provinces. S Afr J Sci 100:75–77
Foxcroft LC, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU (2008) Ornamental plants as invasive aliens: problems
and solutions in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Environ Manag 41:32–51. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00267-007-9027-9
Gaertner M, Larson BMH, Irlich UM et al (2016) Managing invasive species in cities: a framework
from Cape Town, South Africa. Landsc Urban Plan 151:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
landurbplan.2016.03.010
Gaertner M, Novoa A, Fried J, Richardson DM (2017a) Managing invasive species in cities: a
decision support framework applied to Cape Town. Biol Invasions 19:3707–3723. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10530-017-1587-x
Gaertner M, Wilson JRU, Cadotte MW et al (2017b) Non-native species in urban environments:
patterns, processes, impacts and challenges. Biol Invasions 19:3461–3469. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10530-017-1598-7
García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, González JA et al (2008) Social perceptions of the impacts and
benefits of invasive alien species: implications for management. Biol Conserv 141:2969–2983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.003
Gaston KJ, Ávila-Jiménez ML, Edmondson JL (2013) Managing urban ecosystems for goods and
services. J Appl Ecol 50:830–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12087
Geerts S, Botha PW, Visser V et al (2013) Montpellier broom (Genista monspessulana) and
Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) in South Africa: an assessment of invasiveness and options
for management. S Afr J Bot 87:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.019
Geerts S, Rossenrode T, Irlich UM et al (2017) Emerging ornamental plant invaders in urban areas –
Centranthus ruber in Cape Town, South Africa as a case study. Invasive Plant Sci Manage
10:322–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.35
George S (2010) Cape Town’s cats: prey and movement patterns in deep-urban and urban-edge
areas. MSc thesis. Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town,
Cape Town
Goodness J, Anderson P (2013) Local assessment of Cape Town: navigating the management
complexities of urbanization, biodiversity, and ecosystem services in the Cape Floristic region.
In: Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J et al (eds) Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem
services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 461–484. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-94-007-7088-1_24
Hagen BL, Kumschick S (2018) The relevance of using various scoring schemes revealed by an
impact assessment of feral mammals. NeoBiota 38:37–75. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.38.
23509
Henderson L (2001) Alien weeds and invasive plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Handb 12.
Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria
Henderson L, Wilson JRU (2017) Changes in the composition and distribution of alien plants in
South Africa: an update from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas. Bothalia 47(2):a2172.
https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2172
Hobbs RJ, Higgs ES, Hall CM et al (2014) Managing the whole landscape: historical, hybrid and
novel ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 12:557–564. https://doi.org/10.1890/130300
Holmes PM, Rebelo AG, Dorse C et al (2012) Can Cape Town’s unique biodiversity be saved?
Balancing conservation imperatives and development needs. Ecol Soc 17:28. https://doi.org/10.
5751/ES-04552-170228
11 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Urban Ecosystems
303
ecosystem services and disservices. Environ Pollut 159:2078–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envpol.2011.01.010
Evans T, Kumschick S, Blackburn TM (2016) Application of the environmental impact classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) to a global assessment of alien bird impacts. Divers Distrib
22:919–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12464
Forsyth GG, Richardson DM, Brown PJ et al (2004) A rapid assessment of the invasive status of
Eucalyptus species in two South African provinces. S Afr J Sci 100:75–77
Foxcroft LC, Richardson DM, Wilson JRU (2008) Ornamental plants as invasive aliens: problems
and solutions in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Environ Manag 41:32–51. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00267-007-9027-9
Gaertner M, Larson BMH, Irlich UM et al (2016) Managing invasive species in cities: a framework
from Cape Town, South Africa. Landsc Urban Plan 151:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
landurbplan.2016.03.010
Gaertner M, Novoa A, Fried J, Richardson DM (2017a) Managing invasive species in cities: a
decision support framework applied to Cape Town. Biol Invasions 19:3707–3723. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10530-017-1587-x
Gaertner M, Wilson JRU, Cadotte MW et al (2017b) Non-native species in urban environments:
patterns, processes, impacts and challenges. Biol Invasions 19:3461–3469. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10530-017-1598-7
García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, González JA et al (2008) Social perceptions of the impacts and
benefits of invasive alien species: implications for management. Biol Conserv 141:2969–2983.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.003
Gaston KJ, Ávila-Jiménez ML, Edmondson JL (2013) Managing urban ecosystems for goods and
services. J Appl Ecol 50:830–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12087
Geerts S, Botha PW, Visser V et al (2013) Montpellier broom (Genista monspessulana) and
Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) in South Africa: an assessment of invasiveness and options
for management. S Afr J Bot 87:134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.03.019
Geerts S, Rossenrode T, Irlich UM et al (2017) Emerging ornamental plant invaders in urban areas –
Centranthus ruber in Cape Town, South Africa as a case study. Invasive Plant Sci Manage
10:322–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.35
George S (2010) Cape Town’s cats: prey and movement patterns in deep-urban and urban-edge
areas. MSc thesis. Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town,
Cape Town
Goodness J, Anderson P (2013) Local assessment of Cape Town: navigating the management
complexities of urbanization, biodiversity, and ecosystem services in the Cape Floristic region.
In: Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J et al (eds) Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem
services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 461–484. https://doi.org/10.
1007/978-94-007-7088-1_24
Hagen BL, Kumschick S (2018) The relevance of using various scoring schemes revealed by an
impact assessment of feral mammals. NeoBiota 38:37–75. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.38.
23509
Henderson L (2001) Alien weeds and invasive plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Handb 12.
Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria
Henderson L, Wilson JRU (2017) Changes in the composition and distribution of alien plants in
South Africa: an update from the Southern African Plant Invaders Atlas. Bothalia 47(2):a2172.
https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2172
Hobbs RJ, Higgs ES, Hall CM et al (2014) Managing the whole landscape: historical, hybrid and
novel ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 12:557–564. https://doi.org/10.1890/130300
Holmes PM, Rebelo AG, Dorse C et al (2012) Can Cape Town’s unique biodiversity be saved?
Balancing conservation imperatives and development needs. Ecol Soc 17:28. https://doi.org/10.
5751/ES-04552-170228
11 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Urban Ecosystems
303