Lee JE, Slabber S, Jansen van Vuuren B, van Noort S, Chown SL (2007) Colonisation of subAntarctic Marion Island by a non-indigenous aphid parasitoid Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Polar Biol 30:1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0277-z
Leihy RI, Duffy GA, Chown SL (2018) Species richness and turnover among indigenous and
introduced plants and insects of the Southern Ocean Islands. Ecosphere 9:e02358. https://doi.
org/10.1002/ecs2.2358
Lewis PN, Hewitt CL, Riddle M et al (2003) Marine introductions in the Southern Ocean: an
unrecognised hazard to biodiversity. Mar Pollut Bull 46:213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0025-326X(02)00364-8
Mallon CA, Elsas JDV, Salles JF (2015) Microbial invasions: the process, patterns, and mechanisms. Trends Microbiol 23:719–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.013
Martin AR, Richardson MG (2017) Rodent eradication scaled up: clearing rats and mice from South
Georgia. Oryx 53:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531700028X
Mathakutha R, Steyn C, le Roux PC, Blom IJ, Chown SL, Daru BH, Ripley BS, Louw A, Greve M
(2019) Invasive species differ in key functional traits from native and non-invasive alien plant
species. J Veg Sci 30:994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12772
McClelland GTW, Altwegg R, van Aarde RJ et al (2018) Climate change leads to increasing
population density and impacts of a key island invader. Ecol Appl 28:212–224. https://doi.org/
10.1002/eap.1642
McGeoch MA, Le Roux PC, Hugo EA et al (2006) Species and community responses to short-term
climate manipulation: microarthropods in the sub-Antarctic. Austral Ecol 31:719–731. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01614.x
McGeoch MA, Shaw JD, Terauds A et al (2015) Monitoring biological invasion across the broader
Antarctic: a baseline and indicator framework. Glob Environ Chang 32:108–125
Mélice JL, Lutjeharms JRE, Rouault M, Ansorge IJ (2003) Sea-surface temperatures at the subAntarctic islands Marion and Gough during the past 50 years. S Afr J Sci 99:363–366
Myburgh M, Chown SL, Daniels SR et al (2007) Population structure, propagule pressure, and
conservation biogeography in the sub-Antarctic: lessons from indigenous and invasive springtails. Divers Distrib 13:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00319.x
Pakhomov EA, Chown SL (2003) The Prince Edward Islands: Southern Ocean oasis. Ocean
Yearbook 17:348–379. https://doi.org/10.1163/221160003X00140
Pakhomov EA, Froneman PW, Ansorge IJ, Lutjeharms JRE (2000) Temporal variability in the
physico-biological environment of the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean). J Mar Syst
26:75–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00041-5
Phiri EE, McGeoch MA, Chown SL (2009) Spatial variation in structural damage to a keystone
plant species in the sub-Antarctic: interactions between Azorella selago and invasive house
mice. Antarct Sci 21:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102008001569
Ralph R, Maxwell JGH, Everson I et al (1976) A record of Mytilus edulis L. from South Georgia. Br
Antarct Surv Bull 44:101–102
Reisinger RR, Raymond B, Hindell MA et al (2018) Habitat modelling of tracking data from
multiple marine predators identifies important areas in the Southern Indian Ocean. Divers
Distrib 24:535–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12702
Republic of South Africa (2004) Protected Areas Act 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). National
Environmental Management. Government Gazette No. 26205 18 Feb.
Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmánek M et al (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants:
concepts and definitions. Divers Distrib 6:93–107. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.
00083.x
Ryan PG, Smith VR, Gremmen NJM (2003) The distribution and spread of alien vascular plants on
Prince Edward Island. Afr J Mar Sci 25:555–562. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320309504045
Sanyika TW, Stafford W, Cowan DA (2012) The soil and plant determinants of community
structures of the dominant actinobacteria in Marion Island terrestrial habitats, Sub-Antarctica.
Polar Biol 35:1129–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-012-1160-0
8 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories
225
Leihy RI, Duffy GA, Chown SL (2018) Species richness and turnover among indigenous and
introduced plants and insects of the Southern Ocean Islands. Ecosphere 9:e02358. https://doi.
org/10.1002/ecs2.2358
Lewis PN, Hewitt CL, Riddle M et al (2003) Marine introductions in the Southern Ocean: an
unrecognised hazard to biodiversity. Mar Pollut Bull 46:213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0025-326X(02)00364-8
Mallon CA, Elsas JDV, Salles JF (2015) Microbial invasions: the process, patterns, and mechanisms. Trends Microbiol 23:719–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.013
Martin AR, Richardson MG (2017) Rodent eradication scaled up: clearing rats and mice from South
Georgia. Oryx 53:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531700028X
Mathakutha R, Steyn C, le Roux PC, Blom IJ, Chown SL, Daru BH, Ripley BS, Louw A, Greve M
(2019) Invasive species differ in key functional traits from native and non-invasive alien plant
species. J Veg Sci 30:994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12772
McClelland GTW, Altwegg R, van Aarde RJ et al (2018) Climate change leads to increasing
population density and impacts of a key island invader. Ecol Appl 28:212–224. https://doi.org/
10.1002/eap.1642
McGeoch MA, Le Roux PC, Hugo EA et al (2006) Species and community responses to short-term
climate manipulation: microarthropods in the sub-Antarctic. Austral Ecol 31:719–731. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01614.x
McGeoch MA, Shaw JD, Terauds A et al (2015) Monitoring biological invasion across the broader
Antarctic: a baseline and indicator framework. Glob Environ Chang 32:108–125
Mélice JL, Lutjeharms JRE, Rouault M, Ansorge IJ (2003) Sea-surface temperatures at the subAntarctic islands Marion and Gough during the past 50 years. S Afr J Sci 99:363–366
Myburgh M, Chown SL, Daniels SR et al (2007) Population structure, propagule pressure, and
conservation biogeography in the sub-Antarctic: lessons from indigenous and invasive springtails. Divers Distrib 13:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00319.x
Pakhomov EA, Chown SL (2003) The Prince Edward Islands: Southern Ocean oasis. Ocean
Yearbook 17:348–379. https://doi.org/10.1163/221160003X00140
Pakhomov EA, Froneman PW, Ansorge IJ, Lutjeharms JRE (2000) Temporal variability in the
physico-biological environment of the Prince Edward Islands (Southern Ocean). J Mar Syst
26:75–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(00)00041-5
Phiri EE, McGeoch MA, Chown SL (2009) Spatial variation in structural damage to a keystone
plant species in the sub-Antarctic: interactions between Azorella selago and invasive house
mice. Antarct Sci 21:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102008001569
Ralph R, Maxwell JGH, Everson I et al (1976) A record of Mytilus edulis L. from South Georgia. Br
Antarct Surv Bull 44:101–102
Reisinger RR, Raymond B, Hindell MA et al (2018) Habitat modelling of tracking data from
multiple marine predators identifies important areas in the Southern Indian Ocean. Divers
Distrib 24:535–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12702
Republic of South Africa (2004) Protected Areas Act 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). National
Environmental Management. Government Gazette No. 26205 18 Feb.
Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmánek M et al (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants:
concepts and definitions. Divers Distrib 6:93–107. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.
00083.x
Ryan PG, Smith VR, Gremmen NJM (2003) The distribution and spread of alien vascular plants on
Prince Edward Island. Afr J Mar Sci 25:555–562. https://doi.org/10.2989/18142320309504045
Sanyika TW, Stafford W, Cowan DA (2012) The soil and plant determinants of community
structures of the dominant actinobacteria in Marion Island terrestrial habitats, Sub-Antarctica.
Polar Biol 35:1129–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-012-1160-0
8 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories
225