Duffy GA, Coetzee BWT, Latombe G et al (2017) Barriers to globally invasive species are
weakening across the Antarctic. Divers Distrib 23:982–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12593
Dukes JS, Mooney HA (1999) Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?
Trends Ecol Evol 14:135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01554-7
Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS et al (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more
than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS One 9:e111913.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Eriksson B, Eldridge DJ (2014) Surface destabilisation by the invasive burrowing engineer Mus
musculus on a sub-Antarctic island. Geomorphology 223:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
geomorph.2014.06.026
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M et al (2016) Understanding and managing the introduction
pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study. Biol Invasions 18:73–87. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10530-015-0990-4
Fraser CI, Morrison AK, Hogg AMC et al (2018) Antarctica’s ecological isolation will be broken by
storm-driven dispersal and warming. Nat Clim Chang 8:704–708. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41558-018-0209-7
Frenot Y, Gloaguen JC, Masse L et al (2001) Human activities, ecosystem disturbance and plant
invasions in subantarctic Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Biol Conserv 101:33–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00052-0
Frenot Y, Chown SL, Whinam J et al (2005) Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts
and implications. Biol Rev 80:45–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793104006542
Fuller NR (1967) A preliminary report on the littoral ecology of the Marion and Prince Edward
islands. S Afr J Sci 63:248
Gabriel AGA, Chown SL, Barendse J, Marshall DJ, Mercer RD, Pugh PJA, Smith VR (2001)
Biological invasions of Southern Ocean islands: the Collembola of Marion Island as a test of
generalities. Ecography 24:421–430. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.d01-198.x
Gille ST (2002) Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950’s. Science 295:1275–1277. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.1065863
Gregory MR (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philos Trans R Soc
Lond Ser B Biol Sci 364:2013–2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
Gremmen NJM, Smith VR (1999) New records of alien vascular plants from Marion and Prince
Edward Islands, sub-Antarctic. Polar Biol 21:401–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000050380
Gremmen NJM, Smith VR (2008) Terrestrial vegetation and dynamics. In: Chown SL, Froneman
PW (eds) The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in a changing ecosystem. Sun Press,
Stellenbosch, pp 215–244. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928357063/09
Gremmen NJM, Chown SL, Marshall DJ (1998) Impact of the introduced grass Agrostis stolonifera
on vegetation and soil fauna communities at Marion Island, sub-Antarctic. Biol Conserv
85:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00178-X
Gremmen NJM, Smith VR, van Tongeren OFR (2003) Impact of trampling on the vegetation of
subantarctic Marion Island. Arct Antarct Alp Res 35:442–446. https://doi.org/10.1657/15230430(2003)035[0442:IOTOTV]2.0.CO;2
Greve M, Gremmen NJM, Gaston KJ et al (2005) Nestedness of Southern Ocean island biotas:
ecological perspectives on a biogeographical conundrum. J Biogeogr 32:155–168. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01169.x
Greve M, Mathakutha R, Steyn C et al (2017) Terrestrial invasions on sub-Antarctic Marion and
Prince Edward Islands. Bothalia 47:a2143. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2143
Griffiths HJ, Waller CL (2016) The first comprehensive description of the biodiversity and
biogeography of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic intertidal communities. J Biogeogr
43:1143–1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12708
Griffiths HJ, Barnes DKA, Linse K (2009) Towards a generalized biogeography of the Southern
Ocean benthos. J Biogeogr 36:162–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01979.x
8 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories
223
weakening across the Antarctic. Divers Distrib 23:982–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12593
Dukes JS, Mooney HA (1999) Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?
Trends Ecol Evol 14:135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01554-7
Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS et al (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more
than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS One 9:e111913.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
Eriksson B, Eldridge DJ (2014) Surface destabilisation by the invasive burrowing engineer Mus
musculus on a sub-Antarctic island. Geomorphology 223:61–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
geomorph.2014.06.026
Faulkner KT, Robertson MP, Rouget M et al (2016) Understanding and managing the introduction
pathways of alien taxa: South Africa as a case study. Biol Invasions 18:73–87. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10530-015-0990-4
Fraser CI, Morrison AK, Hogg AMC et al (2018) Antarctica’s ecological isolation will be broken by
storm-driven dispersal and warming. Nat Clim Chang 8:704–708. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41558-018-0209-7
Frenot Y, Gloaguen JC, Masse L et al (2001) Human activities, ecosystem disturbance and plant
invasions in subantarctic Crozet, Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands. Biol Conserv 101:33–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00052-0
Frenot Y, Chown SL, Whinam J et al (2005) Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts
and implications. Biol Rev 80:45–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793104006542
Fuller NR (1967) A preliminary report on the littoral ecology of the Marion and Prince Edward
islands. S Afr J Sci 63:248
Gabriel AGA, Chown SL, Barendse J, Marshall DJ, Mercer RD, Pugh PJA, Smith VR (2001)
Biological invasions of Southern Ocean islands: the Collembola of Marion Island as a test of
generalities. Ecography 24:421–430. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.d01-198.x
Gille ST (2002) Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950’s. Science 295:1275–1277. https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.1065863
Gregory MR (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philos Trans R Soc
Lond Ser B Biol Sci 364:2013–2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
Gremmen NJM, Smith VR (1999) New records of alien vascular plants from Marion and Prince
Edward Islands, sub-Antarctic. Polar Biol 21:401–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000050380
Gremmen NJM, Smith VR (2008) Terrestrial vegetation and dynamics. In: Chown SL, Froneman
PW (eds) The Prince Edward Islands: land-sea interactions in a changing ecosystem. Sun Press,
Stellenbosch, pp 215–244. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928357063/09
Gremmen NJM, Chown SL, Marshall DJ (1998) Impact of the introduced grass Agrostis stolonifera
on vegetation and soil fauna communities at Marion Island, sub-Antarctic. Biol Conserv
85:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00178-X
Gremmen NJM, Smith VR, van Tongeren OFR (2003) Impact of trampling on the vegetation of
subantarctic Marion Island. Arct Antarct Alp Res 35:442–446. https://doi.org/10.1657/15230430(2003)035[0442:IOTOTV]2.0.CO;2
Greve M, Gremmen NJM, Gaston KJ et al (2005) Nestedness of Southern Ocean island biotas:
ecological perspectives on a biogeographical conundrum. J Biogeogr 32:155–168. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01169.x
Greve M, Mathakutha R, Steyn C et al (2017) Terrestrial invasions on sub-Antarctic Marion and
Prince Edward Islands. Bothalia 47:a2143. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2143
Griffiths HJ, Waller CL (2016) The first comprehensive description of the biodiversity and
biogeography of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic intertidal communities. J Biogeogr
43:1143–1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12708
Griffiths HJ, Barnes DKA, Linse K (2009) Towards a generalized biogeography of the Southern
Ocean benthos. J Biogeogr 36:162–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01979.x
8 Biological Invasions in South Africa’s Offshore Sub-Antarctic Territories
223