Hussner A, Nehring S, Hilt S (2014) From first reports to successful control: a plea for improved
management of alien aquatic plant species in Germany. Hydrobiologia 737:321–331. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1757-5
Hussner A, Stiers I, Verhofstad MJJM et al (2017) Management and control methods of invasive
alien freshwater aquatic plants: a review. Aquat Bot 136:112–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
aquabot.2016.08.002
Jaca T, Mkhize V (2015) Distribution of Iris pseudacorus (Linnaeus, 1753) in South Africa.
BioInvasions Rec 4:249–253. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.4.03
Jadhav A, Hill MP, Byrne M (2008) Identification of a retardant dose of glyphosate with potential
for integrated control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach. Biol
Control 47:154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.08.005
James CS, Eaton JW, Hardwick K (2006) Responses of three invasive aquatic macrophytes to
nutrient enrichment do not explain their observed field displacements. Aquat Bot 84:347–353.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.01.002
Julien MH, Griffiths MW, Wright AD (1999) Biological Control of Water Hyacinth. The Weevils
Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae: Biologies, Host Ranges, and Rearing, Releasing and
Monitoring Techniques for Biological Control of Eichhornia crassipes. Monograph 60.
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Canberra, Australia, 87 pp
Kumschick S, Wilson JR, Foxcroft LC (2018) Framework and guidelines for conducting risk
analyses for alien species. Preprints 2018110551. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.
0551.v1
Kumschick S, Foxcroft LC, Wilson JR (2020) Analysing the risks posed by biological invasions to
South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds)
Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 569–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-030-32394-3_20
Longhi D, Bartoli M, Viaroli P (2008) Decomposition of four macrophytes in wetland sediments:
Organic matter and nutrient decay and associated benthic processes. Aquat Bot 89:303–310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.03.004
MacDougall AS, Turkington R (2005) Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in
degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86:42–55. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0669
Madeira PT, Hill MP, Dray FA Jr et al (2016) Molecular identification of Azolla invasions in Africa:
The Azolla specialist, Stenopelmus rufinasus proves to be an excellent taxonomist. S Afr J Bot
105:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.007
Maki K, Galatowitsch S (2004) Movement of invasive aquatic plants into Minnesota (USA)
through horticultural trade. Biol Conserv 118:389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.
09.015
Martin GD, Coetzee JA (2011) Fresh water aquatic plant invasion risks posed by the aquarium
trade, aquarists and the internet trade in South Africa. Water SA 37:371–380. https://doi.org/10.
4314/wsa.v37i3.68488
Martin GD, Coetzee JA, Lloyd M et al (2018) Invaded habitat incompatibility affects the suitability
of the potential biological control agent Listronotus sordidus for Sagittaria platyphylla in
South Africa. Biocontrol Sci Tech 28:468–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.
1460314
McConnachie AJ, de Wit MP, Hill MP et al (2003) Economic evaluation of the successful
biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa. Biol Control 28:25–32. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00056-2
McFadyen REC (1998) Biological control of weeds. Annu Rev Entomol 43:369–393. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.369
Midgley JM, Hill MP, Villet MH (2006) The effect of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
(Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), on benthic biodiversity in two impoundments on
the New Year’s River, South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 31:25–30. https://doi.org/10.2989/
16085910609503868
Nxumalo MM, Lalla R, Renteria JL, Martin G (2016) Hydrocleys nymphoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) Buchenau: first record of naturalization in South Africa. BioInvasions Rec 5:1–6. https://
doi.org/10.3391/bir.2016.5.1.01
4 Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants in South African Freshwater Ecosystems
113
management of alien aquatic plant species in Germany. Hydrobiologia 737:321–331. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1757-5
Hussner A, Stiers I, Verhofstad MJJM et al (2017) Management and control methods of invasive
alien freshwater aquatic plants: a review. Aquat Bot 136:112–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
aquabot.2016.08.002
Jaca T, Mkhize V (2015) Distribution of Iris pseudacorus (Linnaeus, 1753) in South Africa.
BioInvasions Rec 4:249–253. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.4.03
Jadhav A, Hill MP, Byrne M (2008) Identification of a retardant dose of glyphosate with potential
for integrated control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach. Biol
Control 47:154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.08.005
James CS, Eaton JW, Hardwick K (2006) Responses of three invasive aquatic macrophytes to
nutrient enrichment do not explain their observed field displacements. Aquat Bot 84:347–353.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2006.01.002
Julien MH, Griffiths MW, Wright AD (1999) Biological Control of Water Hyacinth. The Weevils
Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae: Biologies, Host Ranges, and Rearing, Releasing and
Monitoring Techniques for Biological Control of Eichhornia crassipes. Monograph 60.
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Canberra, Australia, 87 pp
Kumschick S, Wilson JR, Foxcroft LC (2018) Framework and guidelines for conducting risk
analyses for alien species. Preprints 2018110551. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.
0551.v1
Kumschick S, Foxcroft LC, Wilson JR (2020) Analysing the risks posed by biological invasions to
South Africa. In: van Wilgen BW, Measey J, Richardson DM, Wilson JR, Zengeya TA (eds)
Biological invasions in South Africa. Springer, Berlin, pp 569–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-030-32394-3_20
Longhi D, Bartoli M, Viaroli P (2008) Decomposition of four macrophytes in wetland sediments:
Organic matter and nutrient decay and associated benthic processes. Aquat Bot 89:303–310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2008.03.004
MacDougall AS, Turkington R (2005) Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in
degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86:42–55. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0669
Madeira PT, Hill MP, Dray FA Jr et al (2016) Molecular identification of Azolla invasions in Africa:
The Azolla specialist, Stenopelmus rufinasus proves to be an excellent taxonomist. S Afr J Bot
105:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.03.007
Maki K, Galatowitsch S (2004) Movement of invasive aquatic plants into Minnesota (USA)
through horticultural trade. Biol Conserv 118:389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.
09.015
Martin GD, Coetzee JA (2011) Fresh water aquatic plant invasion risks posed by the aquarium
trade, aquarists and the internet trade in South Africa. Water SA 37:371–380. https://doi.org/10.
4314/wsa.v37i3.68488
Martin GD, Coetzee JA, Lloyd M et al (2018) Invaded habitat incompatibility affects the suitability
of the potential biological control agent Listronotus sordidus for Sagittaria platyphylla in
South Africa. Biocontrol Sci Tech 28:468–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.
1460314
McConnachie AJ, de Wit MP, Hill MP et al (2003) Economic evaluation of the successful
biological control of Azolla filiculoides in South Africa. Biol Control 28:25–32. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00056-2
McFadyen REC (1998) Biological control of weeds. Annu Rev Entomol 43:369–393. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.369
Midgley JM, Hill MP, Villet MH (2006) The effect of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
(Martius) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), on benthic biodiversity in two impoundments on
the New Year’s River, South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci 31:25–30. https://doi.org/10.2989/
16085910609503868
Nxumalo MM, Lalla R, Renteria JL, Martin G (2016) Hydrocleys nymphoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Willd.) Buchenau: first record of naturalization in South Africa. BioInvasions Rec 5:1–6. https://
doi.org/10.3391/bir.2016.5.1.01
4 Invasive Alien Aquatic Plants in South African Freshwater Ecosystems
113