P. solanacearum were 10 and 8 mm, respectively, while that of the positive control
was 27 mm for S. aureus (streptomycin sulfate) and 24 mm for P. solanacearum
(kanamycin) [188]. Two linear polyacetylenes, chondrosterins G–H (604 and 605),
were obtained from liquid PDB medium fermentation of Chondrostereum
sp. SF002, a coral-derived fungus from Sarcophyton tortuosum collected from the
Hainan Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve [104]. The fungus Trichoderma
harzianum HNS-15-3 was obtained from the sponge Petrospongia nigra collected
from the South China Sea. Fermentation of this fungus on solid rice medium
afforded four pairs of C 13 lipid enantiomers, harzianumols A–H (606–613)
(Fig. 35) [189].
10 Conclusions
This contribution covers 613 new natural products from marine-derived fungi
obtained from various organisms including algae, sponges, corals, and other organisms that occur in Chinese marine habitats, focusing on the period from 2001 to
2017. The genera Aspergillus (170 new natural products, 28%) and Penicillium
(70 new natural products, 11%) were the main fungal sources of new natural
products during the time period covered (Fig. 36a). In terms of fungal origin,
sponges (184 new natural products, 30%) were the most abundant sources of new
natural products, followed by corals (154 new natural products, 25%) and algae
(130 new natural products, 21%) (Fig. 36b). Altogether, 37% of new natural
products covered in this contribution displayed various bioactivities. The major
bioactivities reported were cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and antiviral activity,
which accounted for 13%, 9%, and 3% of all natural products covered in this
contribution (including compounds with no published bioactivity) (Fig. 36c) or
34%, 25%, and 9% of all natural products with published bioactivity (Fig. 36d),
respectively.
Figure 37a gives an overview of new natural products based on their structural
classes. Polyketides (188 new natural products, 31%) play a dominant role, and if
prenylated polyketides and nitrogen-containing polyketides (included in
meroterpenes and alkaloids in this contribution, respectively) are taken into account,
their total number exceeds 50%. Nitrogen-containing compounds including peptides
(65 new natural products, 10%) and alkaloids (103 new natural products, 17%) were
the second largest group.
The correlation between origin of marine-derived fungi and structural classes of
compounds was also analyzed (Fig. 37b). Polyketides (33 new natural products,
25%), alkaloids (29 new natural products, 22%), and meroterpenes (26 new natural
products, 20%) were the three largest structural types of new natural products
reported from algicolous fungi. Meroterpenes (65 new natural products, 35%)
were the most common new natural products found in sponge-derived fungi,
followed by polyketides (51 new natural products, 28%) and terpenes (28 new
natural products, 15%). In coral-associated fungi, the percentage of nitrogen138
Z. Liu et al.
was 27 mm for S. aureus (streptomycin sulfate) and 24 mm for P. solanacearum
(kanamycin) [188]. Two linear polyacetylenes, chondrosterins G–H (604 and 605),
were obtained from liquid PDB medium fermentation of Chondrostereum
sp. SF002, a coral-derived fungus from Sarcophyton tortuosum collected from the
Hainan Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve [104]. The fungus Trichoderma
harzianum HNS-15-3 was obtained from the sponge Petrospongia nigra collected
from the South China Sea. Fermentation of this fungus on solid rice medium
afforded four pairs of C 13 lipid enantiomers, harzianumols A–H (606–613)
(Fig. 35) [189].
10 Conclusions
This contribution covers 613 new natural products from marine-derived fungi
obtained from various organisms including algae, sponges, corals, and other organisms that occur in Chinese marine habitats, focusing on the period from 2001 to
2017. The genera Aspergillus (170 new natural products, 28%) and Penicillium
(70 new natural products, 11%) were the main fungal sources of new natural
products during the time period covered (Fig. 36a). In terms of fungal origin,
sponges (184 new natural products, 30%) were the most abundant sources of new
natural products, followed by corals (154 new natural products, 25%) and algae
(130 new natural products, 21%) (Fig. 36b). Altogether, 37% of new natural
products covered in this contribution displayed various bioactivities. The major
bioactivities reported were cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and antiviral activity,
which accounted for 13%, 9%, and 3% of all natural products covered in this
contribution (including compounds with no published bioactivity) (Fig. 36c) or
34%, 25%, and 9% of all natural products with published bioactivity (Fig. 36d),
respectively.
Figure 37a gives an overview of new natural products based on their structural
classes. Polyketides (188 new natural products, 31%) play a dominant role, and if
prenylated polyketides and nitrogen-containing polyketides (included in
meroterpenes and alkaloids in this contribution, respectively) are taken into account,
their total number exceeds 50%. Nitrogen-containing compounds including peptides
(65 new natural products, 10%) and alkaloids (103 new natural products, 17%) were
the second largest group.
The correlation between origin of marine-derived fungi and structural classes of
compounds was also analyzed (Fig. 37b). Polyketides (33 new natural products,
25%), alkaloids (29 new natural products, 22%), and meroterpenes (26 new natural
products, 20%) were the three largest structural types of new natural products
reported from algicolous fungi. Meroterpenes (65 new natural products, 35%)
were the most common new natural products found in sponge-derived fungi,
followed by polyketides (51 new natural products, 28%) and terpenes (28 new
natural products, 15%). In coral-associated fungi, the percentage of nitrogen138
Z. Liu et al.