of P. polonicum in potato sucrose broth containing natural sea salt. The ether (À)WA (585) showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia
coli with inhibition zones of 8 and 9 mm in diameter in an agar plate diffusion assay,
respectively [181]. Two phenyl ether derivatives, cordyols D and E (586 and 587),
were isolated from Aspergillus sp. XS-20090066, a gorgonian-derived fungus from
Dichotella gemmacea collected from the Xisha Islands coral reef in the South China
Sea, when the fungus was cultivated on seawater-containing rice medium [131].
The fungal strain Phoma sp. TA07-1 was obtained from the gorgonian Dichotella
gemmacea collected from the Weizhou coral reef in the South China Sea. Solid rice
medium fermentation of this fungus yielded phomaethers A–C (588–590).
Phomaethers A and B (588 and 589) were the first examples of diphenyl glycoside
derivatives from coral-derived fungi. Phomaethers A and C (588 and 590) exhibited
antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus albus, S. aureus, and Escherichia coli
with MIC values ranging from 0.3 to 5 μM [182]. Aspergillus versicolor LCJ-5-4
was isolated from the coral Cladiella sp. collected from Lingao, Hainan Province.
The liquid yeast extract medium fermentation of A. versicolor afforded an orcinol
tetramer, tetraorcinol A (591). Tetraorcinol A (591) exhibited weak antioxidative
activity against DPPH radicals, with an IC 50 value of 67 μM, while ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) served as a positive control (IC 50 22 μM) [66]. The liquid medium broth
of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, which was obtained from the sponge Mycale
plumosa collected at Qingdao, yielded (S)-2,4-dihydroxy-1-butyl(4-hydroxy)benzoate (592). Compound 592 showed cytotoxicity against tsFT210 cells with an inhibitory effect observed at 8.0 μg/cm
3 (Fig. 34) [183].
9 Lipids
From the mycelium of Aspergillus flavipes, obtained from the sea anemone
Anthopleura xanthogrammica collected at a beach in Qingdao, two cerebrosides,
flavicerebrosides A and B (593 and 594) (Fig. 35), were isolated. Both compounds
exhibited cytotoxicity against the KB cell line with IC 50 values of 20.7 and 14.3 μg/
cm
3 [184]. Asperamides A and B (595 and 596), a sphingolipid and its
corresponding glycosphingolipid, were isolated from the liquid GPY medium fermentation of Aspergillus niger EN-13, an endophyte from the marine brown alga
Colpomenia sinuosa collected along the Qingdao coastline of Shandong Province.
Asperamide A (595) displayed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an
inhibitory zone of 12 mm in diameter, equal to that of the positive control,
amphotericin B [185]. The fungal strain Aspergillus flavus cf-5 was isolated from
the marine red alga Corallina officinalis collected off the coast of Yantai. The PDB
medium fermentation of this fungus afforded a oxylipin, (8E,12Z )-10,11dihydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid (597) [124]. 4,5-Ditridecyl-octanedioic acid
(598) was produced during liquid PDA medium cultivation of Myrothecium sp. Z16,
a fungus associated with the white croaker Argyrosomus argentatus collected from
the Yellow Sea near Lvsi Port [186]. The fungus Aspergillus candidus HDf2 was
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coli with inhibition zones of 8 and 9 mm in diameter in an agar plate diffusion assay,
respectively [181]. Two phenyl ether derivatives, cordyols D and E (586 and 587),
were isolated from Aspergillus sp. XS-20090066, a gorgonian-derived fungus from
Dichotella gemmacea collected from the Xisha Islands coral reef in the South China
Sea, when the fungus was cultivated on seawater-containing rice medium [131].
The fungal strain Phoma sp. TA07-1 was obtained from the gorgonian Dichotella
gemmacea collected from the Weizhou coral reef in the South China Sea. Solid rice
medium fermentation of this fungus yielded phomaethers A–C (588–590).
Phomaethers A and B (588 and 589) were the first examples of diphenyl glycoside
derivatives from coral-derived fungi. Phomaethers A and C (588 and 590) exhibited
antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus albus, S. aureus, and Escherichia coli
with MIC values ranging from 0.3 to 5 μM [182]. Aspergillus versicolor LCJ-5-4
was isolated from the coral Cladiella sp. collected from Lingao, Hainan Province.
The liquid yeast extract medium fermentation of A. versicolor afforded an orcinol
tetramer, tetraorcinol A (591). Tetraorcinol A (591) exhibited weak antioxidative
activity against DPPH radicals, with an IC 50 value of 67 μM, while ascorbic acid
(vitamin C) served as a positive control (IC 50 22 μM) [66]. The liquid medium broth
of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, which was obtained from the sponge Mycale
plumosa collected at Qingdao, yielded (S)-2,4-dihydroxy-1-butyl(4-hydroxy)benzoate (592). Compound 592 showed cytotoxicity against tsFT210 cells with an inhibitory effect observed at 8.0 μg/cm
3 (Fig. 34) [183].
9 Lipids
From the mycelium of Aspergillus flavipes, obtained from the sea anemone
Anthopleura xanthogrammica collected at a beach in Qingdao, two cerebrosides,
flavicerebrosides A and B (593 and 594) (Fig. 35), were isolated. Both compounds
exhibited cytotoxicity against the KB cell line with IC 50 values of 20.7 and 14.3 μg/
cm
3 [184]. Asperamides A and B (595 and 596), a sphingolipid and its
corresponding glycosphingolipid, were isolated from the liquid GPY medium fermentation of Aspergillus niger EN-13, an endophyte from the marine brown alga
Colpomenia sinuosa collected along the Qingdao coastline of Shandong Province.
Asperamide A (595) displayed antifungal activity against Candida albicans with an
inhibitory zone of 12 mm in diameter, equal to that of the positive control,
amphotericin B [185]. The fungal strain Aspergillus flavus cf-5 was isolated from
the marine red alga Corallina officinalis collected off the coast of Yantai. The PDB
medium fermentation of this fungus afforded a oxylipin, (8E,12Z )-10,11dihydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid (597) [124]. 4,5-Ditridecyl-octanedioic acid
(598) was produced during liquid PDA medium cultivation of Myrothecium sp. Z16,
a fungus associated with the white croaker Argyrosomus argentatus collected from
the Yellow Sea near Lvsi Port [186]. The fungus Aspergillus candidus HDf2 was
136
Z. Liu et al.