Alexandrium sp.). Aspewentins AÀC (375–377) proved to be toxic to all three
phytoplankton species with LC 50 values ranging from 0.8 to 34.4 μM, while only
aspewentin B (376) was lethal to A. salina with an LC 50 value of 6.4 μM
(Fig. 20) [116].
4.3 Other Terpenes
Monoterpenes are rarely reported from fungi. (+)-Penicimonoterpene ((3S,6E)-8acetoxy-3-hydroxy-3,7-dimeethyl-6-octenoic acid) (378) (Fig. 21) was obtained
from the solid rice medium fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum QEN-24S.
The fungus was isolated from the inner tissue of a marine red alga Laurencia
sp. collected from Weizhou Island in the South China Sea. (+)-Penicimonoterpene
(378) showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus brassicae in a disk diffusion
assay with an inhibitory zone of 17 mm at 20 μg/disk [24]. Two monoterpenoid
alpha-pyrones, nectriapyrones C and D (379 and 380), were produced on solid rice
medium by Nectria sp., obtained from the marine sponge Gelliodas carnosa from
the South China Sea [117].
During the time frame covered in this contribution, two publications reported six
sesterterpenes from fungi from China. In both cases, the producing fungi were
derived from marine algae. The endophyte Aspergillus ustus cf-42 was isolated
from Codium fragile when collected from Zhoushan Island. Five sesterterpenes,
6α-21-deoxyophiobolin G (381), 6α-16,17-dihydro-21-deoxyophiobolin G (382),
and ophiobolins UÀW (383–385), were isolated from liquid PDB medium fermentation of this fungus. Ophiobolin U (383) showed antibacterial activity in a disk
diffusion assay against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibitory
zones of 15 and 10 mm, respectively [86]. The second sesterterpene-producing
fungal endophyte Alternaria alternata k21-1 covered in this contribution was
isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria hakodatensis collected
from Kongdong Island. Liquid PDB medium fermentation of A. alternata yielded
sesteralterin (386). Sesteralterin (386) was evaluated for its toxicity against three
phytoplankton species (Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, and
Prorocentrum donghaiense) and was reported as being moderately active at a dose
of 250 μM with growth inhibition ranging between 41 and 69% [84].
The only report of fungal triterpenes in this contribution is from the starfishassociated fungus Ceriporia lacerata, which was isolated from the inner tissue of
Acanthaster planci collected from Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve. Fermentation
of C. lacerata in liquid GPY medium yielded three lanostane triterpenes (387–389)
(Fig. 21) [118].
Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi from China
115
phytoplankton species with LC 50 values ranging from 0.8 to 34.4 μM, while only
aspewentin B (376) was lethal to A. salina with an LC 50 value of 6.4 μM
(Fig. 20) [116].
4.3 Other Terpenes
Monoterpenes are rarely reported from fungi. (+)-Penicimonoterpene ((3S,6E)-8acetoxy-3-hydroxy-3,7-dimeethyl-6-octenoic acid) (378) (Fig. 21) was obtained
from the solid rice medium fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum QEN-24S.
The fungus was isolated from the inner tissue of a marine red alga Laurencia
sp. collected from Weizhou Island in the South China Sea. (+)-Penicimonoterpene
(378) showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus brassicae in a disk diffusion
assay with an inhibitory zone of 17 mm at 20 μg/disk [24]. Two monoterpenoid
alpha-pyrones, nectriapyrones C and D (379 and 380), were produced on solid rice
medium by Nectria sp., obtained from the marine sponge Gelliodas carnosa from
the South China Sea [117].
During the time frame covered in this contribution, two publications reported six
sesterterpenes from fungi from China. In both cases, the producing fungi were
derived from marine algae. The endophyte Aspergillus ustus cf-42 was isolated
from Codium fragile when collected from Zhoushan Island. Five sesterterpenes,
6α-21-deoxyophiobolin G (381), 6α-16,17-dihydro-21-deoxyophiobolin G (382),
and ophiobolins UÀW (383–385), were isolated from liquid PDB medium fermentation of this fungus. Ophiobolin U (383) showed antibacterial activity in a disk
diffusion assay against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibitory
zones of 15 and 10 mm, respectively [86]. The second sesterterpene-producing
fungal endophyte Alternaria alternata k21-1 covered in this contribution was
isolated from the surface of the marine red alga Lomentaria hakodatensis collected
from Kongdong Island. Liquid PDB medium fermentation of A. alternata yielded
sesteralterin (386). Sesteralterin (386) was evaluated for its toxicity against three
phytoplankton species (Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, and
Prorocentrum donghaiense) and was reported as being moderately active at a dose
of 250 μM with growth inhibition ranging between 41 and 69% [84].
The only report of fungal triterpenes in this contribution is from the starfishassociated fungus Ceriporia lacerata, which was isolated from the inner tissue of
Acanthaster planci collected from Sanya National Coral Reef Reserve. Fermentation
of C. lacerata in liquid GPY medium yielded three lanostane triterpenes (387–389)
(Fig. 21) [118].
Secondary Metabolites from Marine-Derived Fungi from China
115