[89]. Phomaketides A–E (271–275) were obtained from the liquid YPD medium
fermentation broth and mycelium of Phoma sp. NTOU4195, an endophytic fungus
isolated from the marine red alga Pterocladiella capillacea collected in the intertidal
zone of northern Taiwan. Phomaketide A (271) exhibited potent antiangiogenic
activity by suppressing the tube formation of human endothelial progenitor cells
with an IC 50 value of 8.1 μM, while phomaketide C (273) showed selective inhibitory activity of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages with an
IC 50 value of 8.8 μM [90]. The fungal strain Truncatella angustata was obtained
from the finger sponge Amphimedon sp. collected from a reef at Yongxing Island,
Hainan Province. Fermentation of T. angustata on solid rice medium yielded
fourteen isoprenylated cyclohexanols, truncateols A–N (276–289). Truncateol M
(288) inhibited replication of the H1N1 virus (IC 50 8.8 μM) possibly by targeting
virion assembly/release steps [91]. Cytosporins D and E (290 and 291) were isolated
from the malt extract broth of Eutypella scoparia ICB-OBX, an organism obtained
from the surface of the marine pulmonate Onchidium sp. collected in the intertidal
zone along the coast of Lingshui County, Hainan Province [92]. Pleosporallins F and
G (292 and 293) were obtained from Pleosporales sp., an endophyte from the marine
alga Enteromorpha clathrata collected in the South China Sea in Hainan Province,
following cultivation of the fungus in liquid Czapek’s medium (Fig. 16) [50].
The sponge-associated fungus Emericella variecolor XSA-07-2 was obtained
from Cinachyrella sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South China Sea.
Fermentation of this fungus on solid rice medium with sterilized artificial seawater
yielded five hybrid PKS-isoprenoid metabolites, varioxiranols F, G, I, and J (294–
297) (Fig. 17), and 19-O-methyl-22-methoxypre-shamixanthone (298)
[57]. Varioxiranols I and J (296 and 297) displayed significant cytotoxicity against
the HCT-116, BGC-823, NCI-H1650, and A2780 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values
ranging from 5.2 to 9.2 μM [32]. Seven prenylated polyketide derivatives,
heterocornols FÀL (299–305), were obtained from the solid rice medium culture
of Pestalotiopsis heterocornis, which was isolated from the sponge Phakellia fusca
collected from the Xisha Islands, Hainan Province. Heterocornols FÀH (299–301)
exhibited weak cytotoxicity against a human gastric carcinoma cell line (BGC-823),
a human large-cell lung carcinoma cell line (H460), a human prostate cancer cell line
(PC-3), and a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (SMMC-7721), with IC 50
values ranging from 15.0 to 83.5 μM. The compounds furthermore showed
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC
values ranging from 25 to 100 μg/cm
3 [59].
Fermentation on solid rice medium of Pestalotiopsis sp. ZJ-2009-7-6, obtained
from the soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South
China Sea, yielded the chlorinated benzophenone derivatives, (Æ)-pestalachlorides
DÀF (306–308). Pestalachloride D (306) was obtained as a racemic mixture and
exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum, and
Vibrio parahaemolyticus with MIC values of 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 μM, respectively
[93]. Pestalachlorides E and F (307 and 308) were likewise found to be racemic and
displayed atropisomerism. Both compounds showed potent antifouling activity
against settlement of larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite at nontoxic
108
Z. Liu et al.
fermentation broth and mycelium of Phoma sp. NTOU4195, an endophytic fungus
isolated from the marine red alga Pterocladiella capillacea collected in the intertidal
zone of northern Taiwan. Phomaketide A (271) exhibited potent antiangiogenic
activity by suppressing the tube formation of human endothelial progenitor cells
with an IC 50 value of 8.1 μM, while phomaketide C (273) showed selective inhibitory activity of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages with an
IC 50 value of 8.8 μM [90]. The fungal strain Truncatella angustata was obtained
from the finger sponge Amphimedon sp. collected from a reef at Yongxing Island,
Hainan Province. Fermentation of T. angustata on solid rice medium yielded
fourteen isoprenylated cyclohexanols, truncateols A–N (276–289). Truncateol M
(288) inhibited replication of the H1N1 virus (IC 50 8.8 μM) possibly by targeting
virion assembly/release steps [91]. Cytosporins D and E (290 and 291) were isolated
from the malt extract broth of Eutypella scoparia ICB-OBX, an organism obtained
from the surface of the marine pulmonate Onchidium sp. collected in the intertidal
zone along the coast of Lingshui County, Hainan Province [92]. Pleosporallins F and
G (292 and 293) were obtained from Pleosporales sp., an endophyte from the marine
alga Enteromorpha clathrata collected in the South China Sea in Hainan Province,
following cultivation of the fungus in liquid Czapek’s medium (Fig. 16) [50].
The sponge-associated fungus Emericella variecolor XSA-07-2 was obtained
from Cinachyrella sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South China Sea.
Fermentation of this fungus on solid rice medium with sterilized artificial seawater
yielded five hybrid PKS-isoprenoid metabolites, varioxiranols F, G, I, and J (294–
297) (Fig. 17), and 19-O-methyl-22-methoxypre-shamixanthone (298)
[57]. Varioxiranols I and J (296 and 297) displayed significant cytotoxicity against
the HCT-116, BGC-823, NCI-H1650, and A2780 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values
ranging from 5.2 to 9.2 μM [32]. Seven prenylated polyketide derivatives,
heterocornols FÀL (299–305), were obtained from the solid rice medium culture
of Pestalotiopsis heterocornis, which was isolated from the sponge Phakellia fusca
collected from the Xisha Islands, Hainan Province. Heterocornols FÀH (299–301)
exhibited weak cytotoxicity against a human gastric carcinoma cell line (BGC-823),
a human large-cell lung carcinoma cell line (H460), a human prostate cancer cell line
(PC-3), and a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (SMMC-7721), with IC 50
values ranging from 15.0 to 83.5 μM. The compounds furthermore showed
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC
values ranging from 25 to 100 μg/cm
3 [59].
Fermentation on solid rice medium of Pestalotiopsis sp. ZJ-2009-7-6, obtained
from the soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South
China Sea, yielded the chlorinated benzophenone derivatives, (Æ)-pestalachlorides
DÀF (306–308). Pestalachloride D (306) was obtained as a racemic mixture and
exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum, and
Vibrio parahaemolyticus with MIC values of 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 μM, respectively
[93]. Pestalachlorides E and F (307 and 308) were likewise found to be racemic and
displayed atropisomerism. Both compounds showed potent antifouling activity
against settlement of larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite at nontoxic
108
Z. Liu et al.