Aspergillus versicolor LCJ-5-4, a fungus derived from the soft coral Cladiella
sp. collected from Lingao, Hainan Province [66]. The fungal strain Pestalotiopsis
heterocornis was obtained from a piece of fresh tissue from the inner part of the soft
coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South China Sea. When
cultivated on solid rice medium with sea salt, P. heterocornis yielded a phthalide
derivative, pestalotiol A (169) [22].
The fungus Trichoderma sp. HPQJ-34 was obtained from the marine sponge
Hymeniacidon perleve collected at Dongji Island, Zhejiang Province. Trichoderma
sp. was cultivated in a liquid PDB medium to give a cyclopentenone,
5-hydroxycyclopenicillone (170). Compound 170 scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl free radicals, decreased β-amyloid fibrillization in vitro, and significantly reduced H 2 O 2 -induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells [67]. From the tissue
of the sponge Phakellia fusca collected from Yongxing Island in the South China
Sea, the fungus Hypocrea koningii PF04 was obtained. The PDA seawater liquid
medium cultivation of this fungus gave two furan derivatives, hypofurans A and B
(171 and 172), as well as three cyclopentenone derivatives, hypocrenones A–C
(173–175). Hypofuran A (171) displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 32 μg/cm
3 ) and showed DPPH radical-scavenging
capacity (IC 50 27.4 μg/cm
3 ) [68].
Cultivation of Dendrodochium sp., which was obtained from the sea cucumber
Holothuria nobilis collected from the South China Sea, on biomalt solid agar
medium, yielded four cyclohexanol analogues, dendrodochols AÀD (176–179).
Dendrodochols A and C (176 and 178) exhibited antifungal activities against several
Candida strains, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton rubrum, with MIC 80
values between 8 and 16 μg/cm
3 [69]. Alterbrasone (180) was obtained from the
fermentation of Alternaria brassicae 93, a fungal stain derived from the marine
crinoid Comanthina schlegelii collected from the South China Sea [70]. Penicillars
AÀE (181–185) were isolated from the rice medium culture of Penicillium
sp. SCS-KFD08, a fungus associated with the marine worm Sipunculus nudus
collected from the Haikou Bay [71]. Fermentation of Rhizopus sp. 2-PDA-61 that
was obtained from the marine bryozoan Bugula sp. collected in Jiaozhou Bay, using
liquid seawater-containing medium, produced three furan and pyran derivatives,
aspericins A–C (186–188). Aspericin C (188) exhibited cytotoxicity against the
P388, A549, HL-60, and BEL-7420 cell lines with IC 50 values of 14.6, 61.4, 7.1,
and 24.2 μM (Fig. 10) [72].
3 Meroterpenes and Prenylated Polyketides
3.1 Merosesquiterpenes
The fungal strain Stachybotrys chartarum 952 was isolated from the marine crinoid
Himerometra magnipinna collected from Xuwen Coral Reef Nature Reserve in
Guangdong Province. Cultivation of S. chartarum on solid rice medium gave
100
Z. Liu et al.
sp. collected from Lingao, Hainan Province [66]. The fungal strain Pestalotiopsis
heterocornis was obtained from a piece of fresh tissue from the inner part of the soft
coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Yongxing Island in the South China Sea. When
cultivated on solid rice medium with sea salt, P. heterocornis yielded a phthalide
derivative, pestalotiol A (169) [22].
The fungus Trichoderma sp. HPQJ-34 was obtained from the marine sponge
Hymeniacidon perleve collected at Dongji Island, Zhejiang Province. Trichoderma
sp. was cultivated in a liquid PDB medium to give a cyclopentenone,
5-hydroxycyclopenicillone (170). Compound 170 scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl free radicals, decreased β-amyloid fibrillization in vitro, and significantly reduced H 2 O 2 -induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells [67]. From the tissue
of the sponge Phakellia fusca collected from Yongxing Island in the South China
Sea, the fungus Hypocrea koningii PF04 was obtained. The PDA seawater liquid
medium cultivation of this fungus gave two furan derivatives, hypofurans A and B
(171 and 172), as well as three cyclopentenone derivatives, hypocrenones A–C
(173–175). Hypofuran A (171) displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 32 μg/cm
3 ) and showed DPPH radical-scavenging
capacity (IC 50 27.4 μg/cm
3 ) [68].
Cultivation of Dendrodochium sp., which was obtained from the sea cucumber
Holothuria nobilis collected from the South China Sea, on biomalt solid agar
medium, yielded four cyclohexanol analogues, dendrodochols AÀD (176–179).
Dendrodochols A and C (176 and 178) exhibited antifungal activities against several
Candida strains, Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton rubrum, with MIC 80
values between 8 and 16 μg/cm
3 [69]. Alterbrasone (180) was obtained from the
fermentation of Alternaria brassicae 93, a fungal stain derived from the marine
crinoid Comanthina schlegelii collected from the South China Sea [70]. Penicillars
AÀE (181–185) were isolated from the rice medium culture of Penicillium
sp. SCS-KFD08, a fungus associated with the marine worm Sipunculus nudus
collected from the Haikou Bay [71]. Fermentation of Rhizopus sp. 2-PDA-61 that
was obtained from the marine bryozoan Bugula sp. collected in Jiaozhou Bay, using
liquid seawater-containing medium, produced three furan and pyran derivatives,
aspericins A–C (186–188). Aspericin C (188) exhibited cytotoxicity against the
P388, A549, HL-60, and BEL-7420 cell lines with IC 50 values of 14.6, 61.4, 7.1,
and 24.2 μM (Fig. 10) [72].
3 Meroterpenes and Prenylated Polyketides
3.1 Merosesquiterpenes
The fungal strain Stachybotrys chartarum 952 was isolated from the marine crinoid
Himerometra magnipinna collected from Xuwen Coral Reef Nature Reserve in
Guangdong Province. Cultivation of S. chartarum on solid rice medium gave
100
Z. Liu et al.